31 October 2023

Canon EOS 7D Mark II: Shooting In The Fog

Shooting in the fog at Woodbridge Island Cape Town with Canon EOS 7D Mark II / EF 400mm f/5.6L USM Telephoto Lens

Canon EOS 7D Mark II: Shooting In The Ffog
Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm Lens

Objective: Shooting in the fog / low light with Canon EOS 7D Mark II in early morning / changing light conditions.

Shooting Conditions: Early morning during / after sunrise with a changing light and and fog in areas. 


Birds In Flight Cape Town Images
All images were captured in Manual Mode / Auto-ISO: Multi-shot / continuous mode at 10 fps AI Servo. Post-processing done with Adobe Lightroom 5.7. RAW to JPG conversion with some sharpening and noise reduction applied.

Birds in Flight Location
Milnerton Lighthouse / Woodbridge Island Cape Town

Canon Gear / Memory Cards

  • Canon EOS 7D Mark II camera body 
  • Canon EF 400mm f/5.6L USM lens
  • Lexar Professional CompactFlash UDMA 7 32 GB
  • Sandisk Extreme Plus SDHC™ UHS-I Card 95MB/s 32 GB

Exposure / Other Settings: Canon EOS 7D Mark II / EF 400mm f/5.6L USM Lens

  • Manual Mode
  • Aperture: f/5.6
  • Auto-ISO 400 - 1600 
  • Focal Length: 400mm 
  • Shutter speed: 1/4000 seconds 
  • AF on - Case 1 / Zone - Wide-Zone
  • Lens Autofocus on
  • Handheld

Tips for Photographing in the Fog >>

Canon EOS 7D Mark II: Shooting In The Ffog
Blacksmith Plover Woodbridge Island - Canon EOS 7D Mark II ISO 400

Canon EOS 7D Mark II: Shooting In The Ffog
Blacksmith Plover Woodbridge Island - Canon EOS 7D Mark II  ISO 400

Canon EOS 7D Mark II: Shooting In The Ffog
Little Egret Woodbridge Island - Canon EOS 7D Mark II  ISO 400

Canon EOS 7D Mark II: Shooting In The Fog
Egyptian Goose Woodbridge Island - Canon EOS 7D Mark II ISO 640

Canon EOS 7D Mark II: Shooting In The Ffog
Swift Tern Woodbridge Island - Canon EOS 7D Mark II  ISO 1200

Canon EOS 7D Mark II: Shooting In The Ffog
Ibis Woodbridge Island - Canon EOS 7D Mark II  ISO 1600

Canon EOS 7D Mark II - Auto-ISO / Low Light Shooting Cape Town

Canon EOS 7D Mark II - First impressions and Test Shoots Cape Town 

Canon EOS 7D Mark II - Birds in Flight Photo Gallery 

Milnerton Flea Market on a Sunny Saturday

Milnerton Flea Market, Cape Town

Milnerton Flea Market  - Cameras and Accessories
Milnerton Flea Market  - Cameras and Accessories

Saturday at the Milnerton market...
A hotchpotch of colours, textures, goods and just about everything at the Milnerton Flea Market.

This Flea Market is not just about 'one man's junk is another man's treasure', there are various traders selling handmade African craft works, secondhand books, textile and various stalls of fresh produce and refreshments.

I have found a table with all the old film cameras and accessories particularly interesting and will definitely return for another look.

The Milnerton Flea Market seems to be well organised with clear trading policies and communication between the traders and the Flea Market site management. I've spent some time discussing various bits of trading and other information and received very positive feedback on well organised trading environment and conditions.

Image Gallery
14 images with Canon EOS 6D / EF 24-70mm f/4L IS USM lens.

Av Mode: Auto-ISO / various apertures (f/4-f/11).

All images Copyright Vernon Chalmers Copyright Policy

More About Milnerton Flea Market
"Milnerton Flea Market is a well-known flea market located in Cape Town, South Africa. However, please note that details about specific locations, events, or businesses may change over time. For the most accurate and up-to-date information about the Milnerton Flea Market, I recommend checking local sources, online directories, or contacting local tourism or commerce offices in Cape Town.

Here are some general tips if you're planning to visit a flea market like Milnerton:

1. Operating Days and Hours
Confirm the days and hours of operation for the Milnerton Flea Market. Flea markets often have specific days and times when they are open to the public.

2. Vendor Variety
  • Flea markets typically host a variety of vendors selling a wide range of goods, including clothing, antiques, crafts, collectibles, and more. Be prepared for a diverse shopping experience.

3. Local Cuisine
  • Explore any local food vendors or eateries around the flea market. It's an opportunity to try local cuisine and snacks.

4. Bargaining
  • In many flea markets, bargaining is a common practice. Be prepared to negotiate prices with vendors, but do so respectfully.

5. Local Regulations
  • Be aware of any rules or regulations at the flea market, such as restrictions on photography, payment methods, or specific vendor guidelines.

6. Comfortable Attire
  • Wear comfortable clothing and shoes, as you may be doing a lot of walking and browsing.

7. Local Culture
  • Take the time to interact with local vendors and visitors. Flea markets often provide a glimpse into the local culture and community.

8. Transportation
  • Consider the transportation options available to reach the flea market. If you're using public transport or a taxi, be aware of the nearest drop-off points.

9. Weather Considerations
  • Check the weather forecast and be prepared for the conditions, especially if the flea market is outdoors.

10. Security
  • Keep an eye on your belongings, and be cautious with valuables. It's always a good idea to be aware of your surroundings in crowded places.

To get the most accurate and current information, consider checking online reviews, the official website or social media pages (if available), or contacting the local tourism office in Cape Town." (Souce: ChatGPT 2023)

(Click to Enlarge - Slideshow)
Majestic Table Mountain keeping watch over market trading and proceedings
Majestic Table Mountain keeping watch over market trading and proceedings

A truck load full of everything.- from a first old first aid kit to shark teeth
A truck load full of everything.- from a first old first aid kit to shark teeth 

Vibrant and comfy hand painted pillows with boats, cars and flowers
Vibrant and comfy hand painted pillows with boats, cars and flowers

Hand-made leather bags and goods. All produced from factory off-cuts
Hand-made leather bags and goods. All produced from factory off-cuts

Books for everybody - from mastering the digital world to freshwater fish species
Books for everybody - from mastering the digital world to freshwater fish species

Something old, something new - busy traders preparing and presenting their goods
Something old, something new - busy traders preparing and presenting their goods

Caps for everyone - even supporting the Rugby World Cup 2019
Caps for everyone - even supporting the Rugby World Cup 2019


Beautiful textiles from all around the word at sale right here in Milnerton
Beautiful textiles from all around the word at sale right here in Milnerton 

Belts and buckles - handmade by a very proud local leather craftsman
Belts and buckles - handmade by a very proud local leather craftsman


Plastic flowers to decorate and over-loaded table.
Plastic flowers to decorate and over-loaded table.

More textiles with many colourful patterns
More textiles with many colourful patterns

Visitors strolling around the neat rows of traders and their goods
Visitors strolling around the neat rows of traders and their goods

Masterfully crafted authentic African art - dramatic face masks to end the morning
Masterfully crafted authentic African art - dramatic face masks to end the morning

Milnerton Flea Market Website

Address: Marine Drive (R27) opposite Metro Industrial Park, Paarden Eiland Cape Town

Milnerton Flea Market - Map / Directions


African Art & Craft Market - Boulders Beach, Simon's Town View

Photography Training Milnerton | Cape Town

30 October 2023

Difference between Digital Noise and Background Blur

What is Noise in Photography : Digital Noise versus Background Blur

Difference between Digital Noise and Background Blur
Difference between Digital Noise and Background Blur

All about the background in the image
Blur can really mean different things in digital photography, but should not to be confused with unwanted graininess or digital noise across a digitally created image. Unwanted noise generally occurs when:
  • shooting in low light, when a digital camera's ISO setting is too high
  • shooting within the digital zoom range of a compact camera 
  • over-cropping an image

Unwanted blur
Out-of-focus blurred area(s) in an image that came about via unintentional camera movement, unwanted subject movement and / or wrong shutter speed settings when photographing movement - something you don't really want.


Deliberate blur
This will appear in areas of the image when the photographer attempts to blur certain areas of a composition / image. With foreground in focus, but the background deliberately blurred depending on the Depth Of Field (DOF) - distance between nearest and farthest object(s) of the composition / framing requirements ie. when isolating a flower from its immediate surroundings.

Deep vs Shallow Depth-Of-Field (DOF)
With a deep DOF more of the entire image will be in focus and its more likely to be used in Landscape Photography with smaller apertures of i.e. f/11 - f16. With shallow DOF specific area(s) of an image is deliberately out of focus and can be applied in a variety of genres (Wildlife / Sport / Macro / Portraits) where the photographer deliberately wants to separate the main subject from the background - for this effect, larger apertures will be applied i,e. f/1.8 - 5.6.

DOF Aperture Test: Canon EOS 6D / EF 50mm f/1.8 STM lens - view>>

DOF flower series demonstration with Canon EOS 700D / EF-S 55-250 IS II lens - view>>

Depth of Field for Beginners: The Essential Guide >>

The visual quality of [deliberate] blur is also referred to as Bokeh
Flower Close-Up Image : Canon 70-300mm Lens (with Extension Tube)

Bokeh: visual quality of the blur...The visual quality of [deliberate] blur is also referred to as Bokeh - Japanese for the out-of-focus aesthetic quality of the deliberate out-of-focus (blurred) area. a Wide aperture of i.e. f/1.8 - f/5.6 or so will be used (depending on the lens / optical distance from subject) to create the required out-of-focus effect.

See attached images below: white rose bud, the yellow rose and red rose bud with sharp / in-focus foreground sharp and background deliberately blurred (using wide apertures of f/5.8 and f/5.6). 

Lens apertures
In DSLR photography different lenses are used to create / select different levels of DOF depending on the lens aperture range, optical length of the lens and distance from subject. Different lenses / aperture settings will be applied  for different type of photography genres requiring blur effects at various focal lengths ie. for close-up / macro, portraiture or wildlife photography.  a  DSLR camera system is not necessarily required for creating deliberate image blur, a compact camera with a wide aperture lens with some optical zoom will also work. 

The images below were captured with apertures of f5.6 Yellow Rose (Non-DSLR Canon PowerShot SX40 HS with its f/2.7 - 5.8 35x telephoto zoom lens) and  f/5.6 Red Rose Bud (EOS 700D / EF-S 18-135mm f/3.5 - 5.6 IS STM lens / EF-S 55-250mm f/4 - 5.6 IS II lens).

Canon EOS 6D / EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM lens / Extension Tue
Canon 70 / 300mm with Extension Tube 

Which Canon lenses?

Desired Bokeh-effects for close-up or macro flower photography can be achieved with a variety of lenses with wide apertures i.e. with fix aperture lenses such as Canon EF-S 60mm f/2.8 Macro USM or the EF 100mm f2.9 Macro USM prime lenses.

Any Canon DSLR camera body with either an EF or EF-S lens (or other compatible lenses) attached will generate deliberate background / selected blur, but the Bokeh quality will depend on the following factors:

  • Aperture settings (wider is better) 
  • Type of EF / EF-S lens (design and optical length) 
  • Depth of field of objects in the frame 
  • Distance to subject / lighting conditions 
  • Accessories used (extension tubes / close-up filters) 

Different lighting conditions
In all the images the objective was to keep the 'unwanted digital noise' across the frame as low as possible. For the "Yellow Rose' image, shot with Canon PowerShot SX40 HS, I used ISO 100 (in crisp early morning sun light) and the 'Red Rose Bud', shot with the Canon EOS 700D, I used ISO 400 with a Speedlite 430 EX II flash (in early morning overcast / raining conditions).

Canon EOS 6D / Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 STM lens
Flower Image with Canon EOS 6D / 50mm Lens

Photographers use blur for various shallow depth-of-field / artistic effects (image on the right - 'blue flower' and first image below - 'red mailbox' with Canon EOS 6D both at an aperture of f/2.8 with Canon EF 50mm f/1.8 STM lens. 


Last image 'bee on flower' was captured with Canon EOS 700D /  55-250mm IS II lens and Canon 500D close-up lens filter), Bee in focus, most of the flower blurred / out of focus, in a deliberate, aperture-controlled and planned way.

Optimal exposure settings
Just to come back to noise - you may have noticed that many of my own photos are not always shot in good lighting conditions. Most of my low light / long exposure DSLR photography shoots are done in Av mode, ISO 100 and apertures between f/16 - f/22 generating automatic shutter speeds of between 1 and 30 seconds.


I often use the camera's Manual shooting mode with similar aperture settings and Bulb Mode - the ability to have manual time control over shutter speeds during every single shot. A time to use this mode is when shooting fireworks. These exposure combinations together with the use of a tripod and RC-6 remote shutter release, almost entirely limits all unwanted  noise / graininess and unwanted blur. © Vernon Chalmers

Difference between Digital Noise and Background Blur

"Digital noise and background blur are two distinct phenomena in photography, often associated with different aspects of image quality and visual aesthetics:

1. Digital Noise
Digital noise refers to the random variations in brightness or color within an image captured by a digital camera, which can give the appearance of grain or speckles. It's particularly noticeable in low-light conditions or when using high ISO settings. It occurs due to the electronic signal amplification necessary to capture images in low-light situations. Higher ISO settings amplify the signal, resulting in a greater presence of noise in the final image. This noise can degrade image quality by reducing sharpness and clarity.

2. Background Blur
 Background blur, often referred to as bokeh, is the aesthetic effect where the background of an image appears out of focus, while the main subject remains in sharp focus. This effect is achieved through a shallow depth of field, typically by using a wide aperture. The result is a pleasing separation between the subject and the background, drawing attention to the main subject by blurring distractions in the background. This technique is commonly used in portrait photography or to isolate a subject in various photographic compositions.

In summary, digital noise is an unwanted interference that can degrade image quality, caused by factors like low light or high ISO settings. In contrast, background blur is an intentional creative technique that enhances the visual appeal of an image by selectively blurring the background to emphasize the subject." (Source: ChatGPT 2023)

(click to enlarge)
Difference between Digital Noise and Background Blur
Canon EOS 6D / EF 50mm f/1.8 STM Lens flash


Difference between Digital Noise and Background Blur
Canon EOS 700D   ISO 100  f/5.6  No Flash


Difference between 'digital noise' and subject / background blur
Canon PowerShot SX40 HS   ISO 100  f/5.8 


Canon EOS 700D ISO 400  f/5.6  Flash  Photo: © Vernon Chalmers
Canon EOS 700D   ISO 400  f/5.6  Flash 


Difference between Digital Noise and Background Blur
Canon EOS 700D   ISO 100  f/5.6  No Flash 


More Depth Of Field (DOF) Examples: DSLR / Non-DSLR / More Bee On Flower with Close-Up Filter

Table Mountain Photography

Table Mountain Photography by Vernon Chalmers Photography
 
Vernon Chalmers  Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Table Mountain / Cape Town over Milnerton Lagoon
Table Mountain over  Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island © Vernon Chalmers

Table Mountain, Cape Town Photography

Table Mountain, Cape Town sunrise / sunset captured from over Woodbridge Island, Milnerton beach and Cape Town (Table Bay).

Also image captured of Table Mountain from the V&A Waterfront Cape Town.

All images Copyright Vernon Chalmers

All Table Mountain, Cape Town images with:
  • Canon EOS 6D / EF 16-35mm f/4L IS USM lens
  • Samsung A22 Smartphone (Android 12)
  • Canon EOS 6D / EF 24-70mm f/4L IS USM lens
  • Canon EOS 6D / EF 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM lens
  • Canon EOS 700D / EF-S 10-18mm IS STM lens
  • Canon EOS 700D / EF-S 18-135mm IS STM lens
  • Canon Powershot SX40 HS Compact Camera.

Long exposure photography Table Mountain, Cape Town photos with Manfrotto 190X MK190X3-3W and Manfrotto Compact MKC3-H01 tripods.


Cape Town Photography: Woodbridge Island Bridges / Milnerton Lighthouse


Table Mountain over Woodbridge Island with Samsung A22 / Android 12
Table Mountain over Milnerton Lighthouse Woodbridge Island

Vernon Chalmers Copyright: Table Mountain Photography, Cape Town
Please do not use / re-publish any Vernon Chalmers Table Mountain, Cape Town Photography images without permission. View the Vernon Chalmers Photography Copyright Policy for more more information.

Table Mountain, Cape Town

"Table Mountain is an iconic natural landmark that overlooks the city of Cape Town, South Africa. It's a flat-topped mountain that forms a distinctive part of the city's skyline and is a major tourist attraction. Here are some key points about Table Mountain and its significance to Cape Town:

1. Natural Landmark: Table Mountain is characterized by its level plateau that is approximately three kilometers wide. The plateau is often covered by a layer of clouds known as the "tablecloth," which adds to its mystique.

2. Tourist Attraction: It is a significant draw for tourists visiting Cape Town. Many visitors take the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway, which offers breathtaking views of the city and the coastline as it ascends to the summit.

3. Hiking Trails: The mountain offers various hiking trails of different difficulty levels. They provide not only a chance to explore the mountain but also the opportunity to witness diverse flora and fauna that are unique to the region.

4. World Heritage Site: Table Mountain and the Cape Floral Region, which includes the mountain and its surrounding areas, were collectively declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their exceptional biodiversity and distinct plant species.

5. Recreational Activities: Aside from hiking, visitors can engage in activities such as rock climbing, picnicking, and enjoying the stunning views from the top.

6. Cultural Significance: Table Mountain holds cultural significance for the people of Cape Town and South Africa, featuring in local folklore and historical narratives.

7. Conservation Efforts: There are conservation efforts in place to protect the unique ecosystem of the mountain, ensuring its preservation for future generations.

The mountain not only serves as a natural recreational area but also as a symbol of Cape Town's beauty and uniqueness. It's a pivotal part of the city's identity and culture, attracting both locals and tourists alike." (Source: ChatGPT 2023)

(For Best Viewing Quality -Click to Enlarge)
Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Table Mountain / Cape Town over Milnerton Lagoon
Before Sunrise: Table Mountain over Milnerton Lagoon

Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Before sunrise: Table Mountain / Cape Town over Milnerton Lagoon
During Sunrise: Table Mountain over Milnerton Lagoon

Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Before sunrise: Table Mountain / Cape Town over Milnerton Lagoon
During Sunrise: Table Mountain over Woodbridge Island Main Bridge

Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Table Mountain / Cape Town - Long Exposure over Milnerton Beach / Table Bay
Table Mountain - Long Exposure over Milnerton Beach / Table Bay

Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Sunrise Table Mountain Cape Town - Over Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island
Table Mountain Cape Town - From Arnhem Milnerton / Woodbridge Island

Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Table  Mountain Cape Town - From Arnhem Milnerton / Woodbridge Island
Table Mountain Cape Town - From Arnhem Milnerton / Woodbridge Island

Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Table  Mountain Cape Town - From Arnhem Milnerton / Woodbridge Island
Table Mountain Cape Town - From Arnhem Milnerton / Woodbridge Island

Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Sunset from Woodbridge Island and Milnerton beach / Cape Town
Table Mountain Cape Town after Sunset - From Milnerton Beach

Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Table Mountain  - Over Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island
Table Mountain - Over Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island


Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Table Mountain  - Over Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island
Table Mountain - Over the old Wooden Bridge / Woodbridge Island


Copyright Vernon Chalmers: Table Mountain over Table Bay Nature Reserve
Table Mountain over the Table Bay Nature Reserve / Milnerton

Copyright Vernon Chalmers - Table Mountain from the V&A Waterfront Cape Town
Table Mountain from the V&A Waterfront, Cape Town

Copyright Vernon Chalmers - Table Mountain from the V&A Waterfront Cape Town
Table Mountain from the V&A Waterfront, Cape Town

Table Mountain View From Signal Hill Vernon Chalmers Photography
Table Mountain View From Signal Hill : Canon EOS 6D / 16-35mm Lens

Canon Camera / Photography Training Cape Town

Long Exposure / Night Photography Setup & Tips View

Canon Photography Training Milnerton Woodbridge Island | Kirstenbosch Cape Town

11 October 2023

Macro image from 'A Love Palm called Gratitude'

Canon Speedlite Flash Training Preparation

Macro image from 'A Love Palm called Gratitude' - Copyright Vernon Chalmers

In preparing for a Canon Speedlite flash training session later this week I captured a few leave macro snapshots from one of the plants in my home / office.

'Gratitude' is such a significant part of my life and personal wellbeing. Read more about the journey at below link.

Canon Equipment
  • Canon EOS 6D
  • Canon EF 100mm f/2.8 USM Macro Lens
  • Canon 430EX III-RT Speedlite Flash (at dusk and limited ambient light).

Camera Exposure Settings
  • Manual Mode
  • Aperture: f/16
  • ISO 400
  • Shutter Speed: 1/500s
  • Flash Mode: E-TTL

Canon Equipment (Photography Client)
  • Canon EOS 6D Mark II
  • Canon EF 24-105mm f/4 IS II USM Lens
  • Canon 470EX-AI Speedlite Flash 

More about 'A Love Palm called Gratitude'

Canon Photography Training Milnerton Woodbridge Island | Kirstenbosch Cape Town | Intaka Island

01 October 2023

Vintage Book Gift - ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (1957)

ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (Revised Edition: 1957)

ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (1957) Front Cover
ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (1957) Front Cover

This well-preserved copy of an impressive professional (historic) presentation of illustrations, drawings and publication (considering the year and technology) was gifted to me earlier today by one of my neighbours here in Arnhem, Milnerton (opposite Woodbridge Island), Cape Town.

I received the vintage bird book from the stately gentleman who was born in a village close to Bagdad, made his way through Persia (Iran), Damascus and settled in Germany during the 1980's. He married a German / South African lady and since then they regularly traveled to Milnerton, Cape Town for spending summers here in their Cape Town property (enjoying the sun, water and birdlife right on our doorstep). 

I have known both of them for many years, but only recently started learning about his personal Middle-Eastern childhood, historic reflections and fascinating geography / life journeys. They recently sold the property here and being in the process of permanently returning to Germany I became the beneficiary of a very special book.    

This is the second historic and / or vintage  ornithology / birding book that I have been gifted during the past 10 years. I am very grateful for these special historic gestures of goodwill.

Being an avid reader with an extensive range of non-fiction books (from i.e. biographies, business, ornithology, photography and psychology) this book will find a special place in my home / office library.

ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (1957) Plate: XX
ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (1957) Plate: XX

Disclaimer and Credit: The three images published here / and on my various Social Media pages are for sharing the historic interest and preservation value of this particular copy (Revised Copy - 1957) of the ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (first published June 1940). 

Revised by G.R McLachlan Ph.D. (Cantab) and R. Liversidge B.Sc.

Publisher for: The Trustees of the South African Bird Book Fund

Distributed by: The Central News Agency LTD

Printed in: The Union of South Africa by Cape Times Limited, Cape Town

First Published: 8 June 1940

FOREWORD: ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (1957)

BY

THE LATE

FIELD-MARSHAL THE RIGHT HONOURABLE J. C. SMUTS

ALTHOUGH the bird life of South Africa forms one of its outstanding glories there has so far-apart from the handy little volume by Dr Leonard Gill-not been available a comprehensive guide for the use of bird-lovers. This need has at last been met, and I am happy to be able to introduce this valuable work to the public of South Africa. It represents a lifetime of study by the Author both at the Transvaal Museum and in the field.

The South African Bird Book Fund was formed in 1935 for the express purpose of producing the book in collaboration with the South African Orni­thological Society. The Trustees of the Fund were supported by subscriptions from many private individuals and bodies, and after five years' work this scientific and practical handbook has resulted. It reflects great credit on both the Author and Artist, together with all who have been concerned and worked together for its production.

The book is bound to be not only of great educational value and suitable for school use, but of interest both to the student ornithologist and to those members of the general public who would like to know more of the nature and habits of the immense variety of bird life to be seen in South Africa.

Whilst the text is necessarily condensed, to be confined conveniently to one volume, it covers the whole of the species and varieties to be found in South Africa south of the Cunene and Zambesi rivers, and the majority are illus­trated in colour.

The reader will find that the book contains the common names of all our birds in English, Afrikaans, and Eastern Bantu and Native languages, their dis­tribution, habits, and the general characters by which they can be recognized.

The system of indexing is novel, and simplifies reference both to the text and illustration of any particular species.

The book should remain a standard work of reference for many years.

The Author in his introduction sets out many lines of possible future re­search into the scientific problems which arise in the study of ornithology, and a helpful guide is given to those anxious to go further into this interesting subject. 

Signed 1938 (From the First Edition used in the above Revised Edition - 1957)


ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (1957) Plate: LV
ROBERTS Birds of South Africa (1957) Plate: LV

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