27 November 2025

Canon Photography Training Milnerton, Cape Town

Photography Training / Skills Development Milnerton, Cape Town and Cape Peninsula

Personalised Canon EOS / Canon EOS R Training for Different Learning Levels

Fast Shutter Speed / Action Photography Training Woodbridge Island, Cape Town
Fast Shutter Speed / Action Photography Training Woodbridge Island, Cape Town

Vernon Chalmers Photography Approach

Vernon Canon Photography Training Cape Town / Cape Peninsula

"If you’re looking for Canon photography training in Milnerton, Cape Town, Vernon Chalmers Photography offers a variety of cost-effective courses tailored to different skill levels and interests. They provide one-on-one training sessions for Canon EOS DSLR and EOS R mirrorless cameras, covering topics such as:
  • Introduction to Photography
  • Bird and Flower Photography
  • Macro and Close-Up Photography
  • Landscape and Long Exposure Photography
  • Canon Speedlite Flash Photography

Training sessions can be held at various locations, including Woodbridge Island and Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, or even in the comfort of your own home or garden. (Microsoft Copilot)

Canon EOS / EOS R Camera and Photography

Cost-Effective Private Canon EOS / EOS R Camera and Photography tutoring / training courses in Milnerton, Cape Town - or in the comfort of your home / garden anywhere in the Cape Peninsula.

Tailor-made (individual) learning programmes are prepared for specific Canon EOS / EOS R camera and photography requirements with the following objectives:
  • Individual Needs / Gear analysis
  • Canon EOS camera menus / settings
  • Exposure settings and options
  • Specific genre applications and skills development
  • Practical shooting sessions (where applicable)
  • Post-processing overview
  • Ongoing support

Image Post-Processing / Workflow Overview
As part of my genre-specific photography training, I offer an introductory overview of post-processing workflows (if required) using Adobe Lightroom, Canon Digital Photo Professional (DPP) and Topaz Photo AI. This introductory module is tailored to each delegate’s JPG / RAW image requirements and provides a practical foundation for image refinement, image management, and creative expression - ensuring a seamless transition from capture to final output.


Canon Camera / Lens Requirements
Any Canon EOS / EOS R body / lens combination is suitable for most of the training sessions. During initial contact I will determine the learner's current skills, Canon EOS system and other learning / photographic requirements. Many Canon PowerShot camera models are also suitable for creative photography skills development.

Camera and Photgraphy Training Documentation
All Vernon Chalmers Photography Training delegates are issued with a folder with all relevant printed documentation  in terms of camera and personal photography requirements. Documents may be added (if required) to every follow-up session (should the delegate decide to have two or more sessions).

Small Butterfly Woodbridge Island - Canon EF 100-400mm Lens
Cabbage White Butterfly Woodbridge Island - Canon EF 100-400mm Lens

Learning Photography from the comfort of your Own Cape Town Home / Garden More Information

Bird / Flower Photography Training Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden More Information

Photography Private Training Classes Milnerton, Cape Town
  • Introduction to Photography / Canon Cameras More
  • Bird / Flower Photography Training Kirstenbosch More
  • Birds in Flight / Bird Photography Training More
  • Canon Speedlite Flash Photography Training More
  • Macro / Close-Up Photography More
  • Landscape / Long Exposure Photography More

Training / demonstrations are done on the client's own Canon EOS bodies attached to various Canon EF / other brand lenses covering wide-angle to zoom focal lengths.

Canon EOS System / Menu Setup and Training Cape Town
Canon EOS System / Menu Setup and Training Cape Town

2025 Individual Photography Training Session Cost / Rates

From R850-00 per four hour session for Introductory Canon EOS / EOS R photography in Milnerton, Cape Town. Practical shooting sessions can be worked into the training. A typical training programme of three training sessions is R2 450-00.

From R900-00 per four hour session for developing . more advanced Canon EOS / EOS R photography in Milnerton, Cape Town. Practical shooting sessions can be worked into the training. A typical training programme of three training sessions is R2 600-00.

Three sessions of training to be up to 12 hours+ theory / settings training (inclusive: a three hours practical shoot around Woodbridge Island if required) and an Adobe Lightroom informal assessment / of images taken - irrespective of genre. 

Canon EOS Cameras / Lenses / Speedlite Flash Training
All Canon EOS cameras from the EOS 1100D to advanced AF training on the Canon EOS 80D to Canon EOS-1D X Mark III. All Canon EOS R Cameras. All Canon EF / EF-S / RF / RF-S and other Canon-compatible brand lenses. All Canon Speedlite flash units from Canon Speedlite 270EX to Canon Speedlite 600EX II-RT (including Macro Ring Lite flash models).

Intaka Island Photography Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM Lens
Intaka Island Photography Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM Lens

Advanced Canon EOS Autofocus Training (Canon EOS / EOS R)
For advanced Autofocus (AF) training have a look at the Birds in Flight Photography workshop options. Advanced AF training is available from the Canon EOS 7D Mark II / Canon EOS 5D Mark III / Canon EOS 5D Mark IV up to the Canon EOS 1-DX Mark II / III. Most Canon EOS R bodies (i.e. EOS R7, EOS R6, EOS R6 Mark II, EOS R5, EOS R5 Mark II, EOS R3, EOS R1) will have similar or more advanced Dual Pixel CMOS AF Systems. Contact me for more information about a specific Canon EOS / EOS R AF System.

Cape Town Photography Training Schedules / Availability
From Tuesdays - during the day / evening and / or over weekends.

Canon EOS / Close-Up Lens Accessories Training Cape Town
Canon EOS / Close-Up Lens Accessories Training Cape Town

Core Canon Camera / Photography Learning Areas
  • Overview & Specific Canon Camera / Lens Settings
  • Exposure Settings for M / Av / Tv Modes
  • Autofocus / Manual Focus Options
  • General Photography / Lens Selection / Settings
  • Transition from JPG to RAW (Reasons why)
  • Landscape Photography / Settings / Filters
  • Close-Up / Macro Photography / Settings
  • Speedlite Flash / Flash Modes / Flash Settings
  • Digital Image Management

Practical Photography / Application
  • Inter-relationship of ISO / Aperture / Shutter Speed
  • Aperture and Depth of Field demonstration
  • Low light / Long Exposure demonstration
  • Landscape sessions / Manual focusing
  • Speedlite Flash application / technique
  • Introduction to Post-Processing

Tailor-made Canon Camera / Photography training to be facilitated on specific requirements after a thorough needs-analysis with individual photographer / or small group.

  • Typical Learning Areas Agenda
  • General Photography Challenges / Fundamentals
  • Exposure Overview (ISO / Aperture / Shutter Speed)
  • Canon EOS 70D Menus / Settings (in relation to exposure)
  • Camera / Lens Settings (in relation to application / genres)
  • Lens Selection / Technique (in relation to application / genres)
  • Introduction to Canon Flash / Low Light Photography
  • Still Photography Only

Above Learning Areas are facilitated over two  three sessions of four hours+ each. Any additional practical photography sessions (if required) will be at an additional pro-rata cost.

Fireworks Display Photography with Canon EOS 6D : Cape Town
Fireworks Display Photography with Canon EOS 6D : Cape Town

From Woodbridge Island : Canon EOS 6D / 16-35mm Lens
From Woodbridge Island : Canon EOS 6D / 16-35mm Lens

Existential Photo-Creativity : Slow Shutter Speed Abstract Application
Existential Photo-Creativity : Slow Shutter Speed Abstract Application

Perched Pied Kingfisher : Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm Lens
Perched Pied Kingfisher : Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm Lens

Long Exposure Photography: Canon EOS 700D / Wide-Angle Lens
Long Exposure Photography: Canon EOS 700D / Wide-Angle Lens

Birds in Flight (Swift Tern) : Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm lens
Birds in Flight (Swift Tern) : Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm lens

Persian Cat Portrait : Canon EOS 6D / 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM Lens
Persian Cat Portrait : Canon EOS 6D / 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM Lens

Fashion Photography Canon Speedlite flash : Canon EOS 6D @ 70mm
Fashion Photography Canon Speedlite flash : Canon EOS 6D @ 70mm

Long Exposure Photography Canon EOS 6D : Milnerton
Long Exposure Photography Canon EOS 6D : Milnerton

Close-Up & Macro Photography Cape Town : Canon EOS 6D
Close-Up & Macro Photography Cape Town : Canon EOS 6D

Panning / Slow Shutter Speed: Canon EOS 70D EF 70-300mm Lens
Panning / Slow Shutter Speed: Canon EOS 70D EF 70-300mm Lens

Long Exposure Photography Cape Town Canon EOS 6D @ f/16
Long Exposure Photography Cape Town Canon EOS 6D @ f/16

Canon Photography Training Session at Spier Wine Farm

Canon Photography Training Courses Milnerton Woodbridge Island | Kirstenbosch Garden

Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory Definition

Conscious Intelligence Theory: Positioned as an Integrated Function. Seeing Beyond the Lens.

Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory Definition

Positioning: Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

CI Theory is positioned as an integrated function of perception, cognition, emotion, and reflective awareness. It is a meta-cognitive system that enables a practitioner to synthesize sensory input, aesthetic judgment, and emotional intuition in real-time. In the context of photography, it views the creation of an image as a conscious, existential act of "aware seeing" rather than a mere mechanical reproduction.

Key aspects of this theory include:
  • Primacy of Consciousness: The photographer's subjective state and conscious participation directly shape the final image, challenging the traditional "objectivist" stance that reality can be captured without interpretation.
  • Intentionality and Meaning-Making: Drawing on phenomenology, the theory emphasizes that meaning emerges from the photographer's intentional engagement with the scene, which involves framing, inclusion/exclusion of elements, and emotional preservation.
  • Embodied Presence: The theory highlights the importance of the photographer's full immersion in the moment of observation (presence), similar to mindfulness, to achieve a heightened sensitivity to light, form, and rhythm.
  • Distinction from AI: A prominent aspect of the theory is its comparison with Artificial Intelligence (AI). While AI processes information algorithmically, CI is rooted in self-aware, subjective experience (qualia) and ethical engagement, which the theory argues AI lacks.

Defining Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Conscious Intelligence Theory posits that intelligence is not merely the capacity to process information or solve problems, but the dynamic integration of awarenessintentionality, and adaptive reasoning.

It emphasizes that true intelligence arises when cognitive processes are guided by conscious awareness, enabling entities - whether biological or synthetic  - to:

  • Perceive context meaningfully rather than simply react to stimuli
  • Reflect on internal states and external conditions to adjust behavior
  • Act with intentionality, aligning decisions with goals, values, or self‑defined purposes
  • Evolve adaptively, learning not only from data but from the conscious experience of interaction itself

In this Conscious Intelligence framework:

  • Intelligence is inseparable from consciousness - awareness provides the scaffolding for coherence, creativity, and ethical decision‑making
  • Intelligence supplies the mechanisms for execution and adaptation
  • Together, they constitute a unified model of “conscious intelligence” that transcends mechanical computation and advances toward self‑directed, contextually aware cognition
Photography as a Living Metaphor

Photography has always been more than the mechanical act of pressing a shutter. It is a dialogue between awareness and intention, a dance of perception and decision. Conscious Intelligence Theory builds on this truth: intelligence is not simply the ability to process information, but the integration of awareness, intentionality, and adaptive reasoning.

For the photographer, Conscious Intelligence means:

  • Perceiving context meaningfully: noticing how light bends across a subject, how shadows shape emotion, how a fleeting gesture tells a story.
  • Reflecting on internal states and external conditions: adjusting creative choices in response to mood, environment, or technical constraints.
  • Acting with intentionality: aligning each frame with aesthetic vision, narrative purpose, or ethical responsibility.
  • Evolving adaptively: learning not only from technical data but from the lived experience of seeing, framing, and capturing.

Beyond Mechanical Capture

In this way, photography becomes a living metaphor for conscious intelligence. Awareness provides the scaffolding for creativity and ethical representation, while intelligence supplies the mechanisms for technical execution and refinement. Together, they move image‑making beyond mechanical capture toward self‑directed, contextually aware artistry.

Conscious Intelligence Theory reminds us that every photograph is more than pixels or exposure values  - it is a conscious act of intelligence, a moment where awareness and intention converge to create meaning. 

25 November 2025

Vernon Chalmers Post-Processing Workflow

Vernon Chalmers’ photography post-processing philosophy embodies a fusion of technical precision, perceptual awareness, ethical clarity, and reflective intention.

Vernon Chalmers Post-Processing Workflow
Cape Teal Ducks : Woodbridge Island, Cape Town

Vernon Chalmers Core Post-Processing Workflow Principles

Non-destructive RAW editing: Shooting in RAW format to preserve maximum tonal data, which allows for greater flexibility during editing without damaging the original image data.

Fidelity to the scene: The primary goal is to enhance the captured scene and the "phenomenological encounter," not to fabricate a new reality.

Minimalist but intentional adjustments: Avoiding over-saturation or excessive processing, keeping tones realistic and expressive.

Integration of AI (with an ethical framework): AI tools are used for "natural enhancements" (e.g., noise reduction, sharpening) but not for synthetic generation or manipulation of subjects. Transparency regarding substantial AI use is also a key principle.

Vernon Chalmers Post-Processing Workflow

"This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Vernon Chalmers’ photographic post-processing philosophy, workflow, and theoretical foundations. As a photographer, educator, and theorist, Chalmers approaches the digital darkroom not merely as a technical workspace but as an extension of perceptual consciousness and artistic intentionality. His post-processing methods integrate technical precision, aesthetic restraint, phenomenological awareness, and a strong commitment to photographic authenticity. This essay examines the layers of his workflow - from RAW file interpretation through local refinements, color management, and sharpening - and situates these decisions within broader contexts of photographic theory, phenomenology, and Conscious Intelligence (CI). The study further demonstrates how Chalmers’ approach influences his teaching practices, shapes genre-specific aesthetics (especially in birds in flight photography), and contributes to his broader identity as a reflective practitioner. The analysis reveals that for Chalmers, post-processing constitutes both a technical craft and a philosophical act, bridging sensory experience, memory, and interpretive intention.

Introduction

Post-processing is a central dimension of contemporary photographic practice, operating as the bridge between captured potential and realised expression. With digital photography enabling nuanced control over colour, tonality, detail, and composition, the editing stage has become inseparable from the craft itself. Yet for some photographers, post-processing is not merely a technical necessity but a philosophical practice - an extension of perception, memory, and artistic intentionality. Vernon Chalmers, widely recognised for his birds in flight (BIF) work, pedagogical contributions, and evolving Conscious Intelligence (CI) theory, exemplifies this deeper relationship between editing and meaning.

In Chalmers’ framework, the photograph is not complete at the moment of capture. Instead, the digital darkroom becomes a reflective space where the photographer revisits the lived moment, interprets the sensory and emotional qualities of the scene, and shapes the final image to align with both the memory and intention behind it. Post-processing is thus a site of consciousness in action: deliberate, interpretive, and ethically grounded in authenticity.

This paper examines Chalmers’ approach to post-processing across technical, aesthetic, pedagogical, and philosophical dimensions. It expands on existing analytical frameworks of photographic cognition (e.g., Arnheim, 1974; Flusser, 2000) and integrates them into Chalmers' practice, ultimately offering a comprehensive scholarly portrait of his post-processing identity.

Post-Processing as Conscious Interpretation 

Beyond Technical Correction

Many photographers treat post-processing as corrective - a response to technical imperfections or environmental limitations. Chalmers, however, views editing as interpretive rather than reparative. This distinction aligns with the phenomenological perspective that perception is always selective and meaning-laden (Merleau-Ponty, 1962). The RAW file becomes a record of perceptual engagement rather than a neutral capture. Post-processing is the continuation of this engagement.

The environment in which Chalmers works - often coastal, atmospheric, and in rapid-motion wildlife contexts - requires fast shutter speeds, quick decision-making, and intuitive timing. The captured frame contains the structure of the moment but not its full experiential depth. Post-processing reveals this depth by clarifying intention, strengthening perceptual anchors, and restoring coherence to high-speed moments.

Selective Intervention as Artistic Integrity

A core value in Chalmers’ methodology is selective intervention. He avoids dramatic global adjustments, stylizing filters, or manipulative composites that would compromise the integrity of the scene. This aligns with classical documentary ethics emphasizing fidelity to the witnessed moment (Newton, 2001). For Chalmers, authenticity is not only a stylistic choice but a principle: post-processing should not invent a reality that was never experienced.

Selective intervention focuses on:

    • enhancing what was already perceptually salient,
    • revealing structural details hidden by sensor limitations,
    • restoring colour neutrality, and
    • clarifying subjects rather than reconstructing them.

His restraint reflects both aesthetic discipline and a philosophical stance that nature’s inherent structure is sufficient and does not require artificial embellishment.

Foundational Principles of Chalmers’ Post-Processing Approach

Fidelity to Natural Color and Ambient Truth

Chalmers’ editing reflects a commitment to true-to-scene colour reproduction. Instead of pursuing cinematic hues or dramatic grading, he focuses on restoring natural balance. This approach mirrors broader discussions of perceptual realism in photography (Edwards, 2006). Bird plumage, sky gradients, and coastal light must reflect their lived qualities; saturation is controlled carefully to prevent exaggeration.

Exposure Discipline as a Continuation of Field Craft

Chalmers emphasises proper exposure during capture, enabling a more natural editing process. Exposure adjustments in post-processing are typically subtle - incremental recovery of highlights, gentle lifting of shadows, and fine-tuning midtones. The avoidance of heavy exposure reconstruction supports his principle of image authenticity.

Local Adjustments as Interpretive Precision

Local adjustments dominate his workflow because they enable nuanced, context-specific refinements. These include:

    • targeted sharpening of the eye in BIF images,
    • noise reduction applied primarily to backgrounds,
    • localized clarity to enhance feather structure,
    • micro-adjustments to shadow regions on wings, and
    • selective contrast to enhance motion directionality.

This precision reflects a belief that meaning resides in details. Local corrections reveal the narrative of motion, environment, and natural form more effectively than global edits.

Craft Over Automation

While Chalmers uses AI-assisted tools such as Adobe Lightroom and Topaz Photo AI, he maintains the philosophy that artificial intelligence supports, but never substitutes for, the photographer’s awareness. Algorithmic efficiency accelerates workflow, especially for large BIF sequences, but human judgement governs the final aesthetic outcome.

Technical Layers of the Chalmers Workflow

RAW Development and Dynamic Range Preservation

During RAW optimization, Chalmers prioritises:

    • white balance correction
    • preserving highlight detail
    • ensuring balanced tonal distribution
    • moderate noise reduction
    • utilising appropriate camera profiles

The goal is a balanced foundation upon which later adjustments can be applied without introducing artifacts or distortions.

Tone Mapping and Luminance Structuring

Chalmers’ tonal adjustments reflect classical darkroom thinking (Ansel Adams’ Zone System as a conceptual ancestor). He focuses on:

    • midtone clarity,
    • natural contrast flow,
    • avoiding clipped highlights or crushed shadows, and
    • maintaining ambient atmospheric cues.

    The tonal philosophy aims for lifelike contrast rather than dramatic contrast.

Chromatic Refinement and HSL Control

Colour is adjusted with surgical precision. Chalmers refines:

    • hue shifts that counteract sensor bias,
    • saturation tailored to environmental realism,
    • selective luminance adjustments (e.g., blues and cyans of the sky), and
    • cross-frame consistency in multi-image sequences.

Sharpening as Narrative Emphasis

Sharpening is applied to convey the structural reality of a bird in motion. The eye, being the perceptual and emotional anchor, receives the most emphasis. Feather texture, wing edges, and motion directionality are enhanced through micro-sharpening that avoids halos or artificial crispness.

Noise Reduction and the Aesthetic of Real Detail

Because BIF photography often requires higher ISO values, intelligent noise reduction is essential. Chalmers applies noise reduction differentially:

    • aggressive in backgrounds,
    • gentle on body and wing details,
    • minimal around the eye and facial textures.

This reinforces the realism of the subject while maintaining a clean yet natural aesthetic.

Spatial Refinement Through Cropping

Cropping for Chalmers is both compositional and interpretive. He uses crops to:
    • emphasize directionality of flight,
    • strengthen interaction between subject and negative space,
    • improve narrative flow,
    • maintain proportional consistency across a series.

Genre-Specific Post-Processing: Birds-in-Flight Photography

The Challenge of Movement and Temporal Fragility

BIF photography represents one of the most technically demanding genres. Subjects move unpredictably and rapidly, requiring high shutter speeds and exceptional tracking skills. Post-processing brings conceptual stability to such dynamic moments by restoring structural clarity.

The Eye as Emotional and Cognitive Anchor

A defining principle in Chalmers’ BIF editing is the prioritisation of the bird’s eye. This follows the psychological principle that viewers seek eyes first in human and animal images (Bruce & Young, 2012). Sharpening and contrast adjustments ensure the eye becomes the first point of visual contact.

Environmental Authenticity

Chalmers resists artificial changes to sky, ocean, or vegetation. The environment is an ecological truth. Altering it heavily would misrepresent the lived moment and disrupt the authenticity he values.

Series Consistency as Narrative Coherence

Chalmers often edits sequences of related frames. Consistency across:

    • tone,
    • colour,
    • contrast, and
    • sharpening

ensures the collection forms a coherent visual narrative of motion.

Post-Processing as Philosophical Reflection

Phenomenological Editing

Chalmers’ post-processing aligns with phenomenological ideas that perception is active and interpretive. Editing is thus another act of seeing - a reflective return to the moment. The photographer revisits the sensory encounter and refines the image in light of:

    • memory,
    • mood,
    • embodied awareness, and
    • conscious intention.
Conscious Intelligence and the Digital Darkroom

Chalmers’ developing CI theory posits that consciousness in photography emerges through cycles of perception, decision-making, and reflective evaluation. Post-processing serves as one of these cycles. It is cognition materialised through luminance, colour, and micro-adjustments. Through this lens, post-processing is not merely technical but intellectual.

Authenticity as Creative Ethics

Authenticity, in Chalmers’ view, is a form of respect - toward nature, the subject, and the viewer. Post-processing must enhance truth, not distort it. This ethical stance situates Chalmers within traditions of honest documentary practice while acknowledging the creative interpretive nature of digital photography.

Vernon Chalmers CI Photography Theory

Post-Processing in Chalmers’ Teaching and Practice

Instructional Clarity and Intentional Workflow

Chalmers’ teaching style emphasises careful, incremental development. Students learn:

  • why adjustments matter,
  • how to avoid over-processing,
  • how to read luminance and colour, and
  • how to interpret an image with intention and patience.
Collaborative Demonstrations

His workshops often include live editing demonstrations, comparative analysis, and case studies across genres. These sessions emphasise that post-processing is not an afterthought but part of a holistic photographic practice.

Technology’s Role in Chalmers’ Workflow

Chalmers’ post-processing toolset commonly includes:

    • Adobe Lightroom Classic
    • Topaz Photo AI

He selects tools based on the needs of each image, reinforcing his belief that software should support intention rather than dictate it.

Post-Processing as Part of Creative Identity

Chalmers’ consistency across genres reflects a unified aesthetic: clarity, calmness, natural detail, and tonal balance. His edits are coherent with his field craft, his conceptual frameworks, and his philosophical orientation toward perception.

The digital darkroom becomes a space of dialogue between the moment captured and the meaning sought. Through selective refinement, interpretive decisions, and conscious restraint, Chalmers shapes images that retain their authenticity while expressing his personal vision.

Conclusion

Vernon Chalmers’ post-processing philosophy embodies a fusion of technical precision, perceptual awareness, ethical clarity, and reflective intention. His approach demonstrates that editing is not merely a computational process but a cognitive and artistic act. Through selective intervention, commitment to authenticity, disciplined tonal and color control, and a phenomenological engagement with the image, Chalmers exemplifies a mature photographic practice grounded in both craftsmanship and consciousness.

Post-processing, for Chalmers, is the space in which perception is clarified, memory is honoured, and the lived moment is reshaped into its final expressive form. His work offers an instructive model for photographers seeking to integrate technical skill with deeper reflective awareness - an integration that contributes meaningfully to the evolving discourse on digital photography and creative intelligence." (Source: ChatGPT 2025)

References

Adams, A. (1995). The negative. Little, Brown.

 Arnheim, R. (1974). Art and visual perception: A psychology of the creative eye. University of California Press.

 Bruce, V., & Young, A. (2012). Face perception. Psychology Press.

 Edwards, E. (2006). Photography: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.

 Flusser, V. (2000). Towards a philosophy of photography. Reaktion Books.

 Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception. Routledge.

 Newton, J. H. (2001). The burden of visual truth: The role of photojournalism in mediating reality. Routledge.