17 November 2025

Canon Photography Training Milnerton, Cape Town

Photography Training / Skills Development Milnerton, Cape Town and Cape Peninsula

Personalised Canon EOS / Canon EOS R Training for Different Learning Levels

Fast Shutter Speed / Action Photography Training Woodbridge Island, Cape Town
Fast Shutter Speed / Action Photography Training Woodbridge Island, Cape Town

Vernon Chalmers Photography Approach

Vernon Canon Photography Training Cape Town / Cape Peninsula

"If you’re looking for Canon photography training in Milnerton, Cape Town, Vernon Chalmers Photography offers a variety of cost-effective courses tailored to different skill levels and interests. They provide one-on-one training sessions for Canon EOS DSLR and EOS R mirrorless cameras, covering topics such as:
  • Introduction to Photography
  • Bird and Flower Photography
  • Macro and Close-Up Photography
  • Landscape and Long Exposure Photography
  • Canon Speedlite Flash Photography

Training sessions can be held at various locations, including Woodbridge Island and Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, or even in the comfort of your own home or garden. (Microsoft Copilot)

Canon EOS / EOS R Camera and Photography

Cost-Effective Private Canon EOS / EOS R Camera and Photography tutoring / training courses in Milnerton, Cape Town - or in the comfort of your home / garden anywhere in the Cape Peninsula.

Tailor-made (individual) learning programmes are prepared for specific Canon EOS / EOS R camera and photography requirements with the following objectives:
  • Individual Needs / Gear analysis
  • Canon EOS camera menus / settings
  • Exposure settings and options
  • Specific genre applications and skills development
  • Practical shooting sessions (where applicable)
  • Post-processing overview
  • Ongoing support

Image Post Processing Overview
As part of my genre-specific photography training, I offer an introductory overview of post-processing workflows (if required) using Adobe Lightroom, Canon Digital Photo Professional (DPP) and Microsoft Windows 10 / 11 Photo App. This introductory module is tailored to each participant’s JPG / RAW image requirements and provides a practical foundation for image refinement, image management, and creative expression - ensuring a seamless transition from capture to final output.


Canon Camera / Lens Requirements
Any Canon EOS / EOS R body / lens combination is suitable for most of the training sessions. During initial contact I will determine the learner's current skills, Canon EOS system and other learning / photographic requirements. Many Canon PowerShot camera models are also suitable for creative photography skills development.

Camera and Photgraphy Training Documentation
All Vernon Chalmers Photography Training delegates are issued with a folder with all relevant printed documentation  in terms of camera and personal photography requirements. Documents may be added (if required) to every follow-up session (should the delegate decide to have two or more sessions).

Small Butterfly Woodbridge Island - Canon EF 100-400mm Lens
Cabbage White Butterfly Woodbridge Island - Canon EF 100-400mm Lens

Learning Photography from the comfort of your Own Cape Town Home / Garden More Information

Bird / Flower Photography Training Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden More Information

Photography Private Training Classes Milnerton, Cape Town
  • Introduction to Photography / Canon Cameras More
  • Bird / Flower Photography Training Kirstenbosch More
  • Birds in Flight / Bird Photography Training More
  • Canon Speedlite Flash Photography Training More
  • Macro / Close-Up Photography More
  • Landscape / Long Exposure Photography More

Training / demonstrations are done on the client's own Canon EOS bodies attached to various Canon EF / other brand lenses covering wide-angle to zoom focal lengths.

Canon EOS System / Menu Setup and Training Cape Town
Canon EOS System / Menu Setup and Training Cape Town

2025 Individual Photography Training Session Cost / Rates

From R850-00 per four hour session for Introductory Canon EOS / EOS R photography in Milnerton, Cape Town. Practical shooting sessions can be worked into the training. A typical training programme of three training sessions is R2 450-00.

From R900-00 per four hour session for developing . more advanced Canon EOS / EOS R photography in Milnerton, Cape Town. Practical shooting sessions can be worked into the training. A typical training programme of three training sessions is R2 600-00.

Three sessions of training to be up to 12 hours+ theory / settings training (inclusive: a three hours practical shoot around Woodbridge Island if required) and an Adobe Lightroom informal assessment / of images taken - irrespective of genre. 

Canon EOS Cameras / Lenses / Speedlite Flash Training
All Canon EOS cameras from the EOS 1100D to advanced AF training on the Canon EOS 80D to Canon EOS-1D X Mark III. All Canon EOS R Cameras. All Canon EF / EF-S / RF / RF-S and other Canon-compatible brand lenses. All Canon Speedlite flash units from Canon Speedlite 270EX to Canon Speedlite 600EX II-RT (including Macro Ring Lite flash models).

Intaka Island Photography Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM Lens
Intaka Island Photography Canon EF 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6L IS II USM Lens

Advanced Canon EOS Autofocus Training (Canon EOS / EOS R)
For advanced Autofocus (AF) training have a look at the Birds in Flight Photography workshop options. Advanced AF training is available from the Canon EOS 7D Mark II / Canon EOS 5D Mark III / Canon EOS 5D Mark IV up to the Canon EOS 1-DX Mark II / III. Most Canon EOS R bodies (i.e. EOS R7, EOS R6, EOS R6 Mark II, EOS R5, EOS R5 Mark II, EOS R3, EOS R1) will have similar or more advanced Dual Pixel CMOS AF Systems. Contact me for more information about a specific Canon EOS / EOS R AF System.

Cape Town Photography Training Schedules / Availability
From Tuesdays - during the day / evening and / or over weekends.

Canon EOS / Close-Up Lens Accessories Training Cape Town
Canon EOS / Close-Up Lens Accessories Training Cape Town

Core Canon Camera / Photography Learning Areas
  • Overview & Specific Canon Camera / Lens Settings
  • Exposure Settings for M / Av / Tv Modes
  • Autofocus / Manual Focus Options
  • General Photography / Lens Selection / Settings
  • Transition from JPG to RAW (Reasons why)
  • Landscape Photography / Settings / Filters
  • Close-Up / Macro Photography / Settings
  • Speedlite Flash / Flash Modes / Flash Settings
  • Digital Image Management

Practical Photography / Application
  • Inter-relationship of ISO / Aperture / Shutter Speed
  • Aperture and Depth of Field demonstration
  • Low light / Long Exposure demonstration
  • Landscape sessions / Manual focusing
  • Speedlite Flash application / technique
  • Introduction to Post-Processing

Tailor-made Canon Camera / Photography training to be facilitated on specific requirements after a thorough needs-analysis with individual photographer / or small group.

  • Typical Learning Areas Agenda
  • General Photography Challenges / Fundamentals
  • Exposure Overview (ISO / Aperture / Shutter Speed)
  • Canon EOS 70D Menus / Settings (in relation to exposure)
  • Camera / Lens Settings (in relation to application / genres)
  • Lens Selection / Technique (in relation to application / genres)
  • Introduction to Canon Flash / Low Light Photography
  • Still Photography Only

Above Learning Areas are facilitated over two  three sessions of four hours+ each. Any additional practical photography sessions (if required) will be at an additional pro-rata cost.

Fireworks Display Photography with Canon EOS 6D : Cape Town
Fireworks Display Photography with Canon EOS 6D : Cape Town

From Woodbridge Island : Canon EOS 6D / 16-35mm Lens
From Woodbridge Island : Canon EOS 6D / 16-35mm Lens

Existential Photo-Creativity : Slow Shutter Speed Abstract Application
Existential Photo-Creativity : Slow Shutter Speed Abstract Application

Perched Pied Kingfisher : Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm Lens
Perched Pied Kingfisher : Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm Lens

Long Exposure Photography: Canon EOS 700D / Wide-Angle Lens
Long Exposure Photography: Canon EOS 700D / Wide-Angle Lens

Birds in Flight (Swift Tern) : Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm lens
Birds in Flight (Swift Tern) : Canon EOS 7D Mark II / 400mm lens

Persian Cat Portrait : Canon EOS 6D / 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM Lens
Persian Cat Portrait : Canon EOS 6D / 70-300mm f/4-5.6L IS USM Lens

Fashion Photography Canon Speedlite flash : Canon EOS 6D @ 70mm
Fashion Photography Canon Speedlite flash : Canon EOS 6D @ 70mm

Long Exposure Photography Canon EOS 6D : Milnerton
Long Exposure Photography Canon EOS 6D : Milnerton

Close-Up & Macro Photography Cape Town : Canon EOS 6D
Close-Up & Macro Photography Cape Town : Canon EOS 6D

Panning / Slow Shutter Speed: Canon EOS 70D EF 70-300mm Lens
Panning / Slow Shutter Speed: Canon EOS 70D EF 70-300mm Lens

Long Exposure Photography Cape Town Canon EOS 6D @ f/16
Long Exposure Photography Cape Town Canon EOS 6D @ f/16

Canon Photography Training Session at Spier Wine Farm

Canon Photography Training Courses Milnerton Woodbridge Island | Kirstenbosch Garden

CI Theory and Traditional Critical Theory

Contemporary Analysis: Conscious Intelligence Theory and Traditional Critical Theory.
Conscious Intelligence Theory and Traditional Critical Theory

The Image as Portal

What if the image is not a thing to be decoded, but a moment to be felt?

"Traditional critical theory has long treated the photograph as a static artifact - an object to be analysed, deconstructed, and theorized. But CI Theory (Conscious Intelligence Theory) invites a different gaze: one that sees the image not as a symbol, but as a gesture of presence. It shifts the focus from what the image means to how it is made, felt, and lived.

Traditional Critical Theory: The Image as Artifact

Thinkers like Susan Sontag and Roland Barthes offered powerful critiques of photography. They taught us to read images as texts - laden with ideology, representation, and cultural codes. In this view:

  • The image is a mirror of society, ripe for semiotic dissection.
  • The photographer is often absent, replaced by theory.
  • Intelligence is framed as abstract reasoning and critical distance.

This approach has value. It reveals hidden structures and invites political awareness. But it can also flatten the lived experience of image-making - turning presence into analysis, and feeling into formula.

Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory: The Image as Act

CI Theory begins elsewhere. It argues that intelligence is not computation or critique - it is conscious awareness. The image is not a static object but a dynamic act: a moment of perception, creation, and resonance.

  • The photographer is central, embodied, and awake.
  • The viewer is not decoding, but participating.
  • Intelligence is felt, not calculated.

This is a phenomenology of image-making. It honors the gesture, the breath, the presence behind the lens. It asks not “What does this image mean?” but “What does this image awaken?”

Key Contrasts: Traditional Theory vs. Conscious Intelligence Theory

Dimension Traditional Theory CI Theory
Focus Image as object Image as act
Method Deconstruction Phenomenology
Intelligence Abstract reasoning Conscious awareness
Role of Photographer Absent or secondary Central and embodied
Viewer’s Experience Interpretation Presence and resonance

Implications for Practice

For photographers, artists, and mentors, this shift is profound. CI Theory encourages:

  • Embodied creation over conceptual critique.
  • Emotional and existential resonance.
  • A movement from critique to communion.

It’s not about rejecting theory—it’s about re-centring presence.

Toward a Conscious Image-Making

CI Theory does not ask us to analyse the image - it asks us to awaken through it.

In a world saturated with symbols, CI Theory offers a return to the real. It invites us to feel the image, to honour the act, and to recognize intelligence not as abstraction, but as awareness.

Broader Conclusion: Awakening Through the Image

CI Theory is not merely a contrast to traditional critique - it is a call to awaken. Where post-structuralist analysis dissects the image, CI Theory listens to the pulse behind it. It reclaims the photographer’s presence, the viewer’s feeling, and the image’s capacity to transmit awareness.

In this shift, photography becomes more than a medium - it becomes a method of consciousness. The act of creating and perceiving an image is no longer secondary to its meaning; it is the meaning. Intelligence, in this view, is not a system of signs—it is the clarity of being.

This has profound implications for artists, educators, and thinkers. It invites us to move beyond critique and toward communion. To teach not just technique, but attention. To mentor not just skill, but presence. And to recognize that every image - when made and received consciously - is a gesture of legacy.

CI Theory is not a rejection of any theory. It is a renewal of feeling. A return to the real. A quiet revolution in how we see, create, and live." (Microsoft Copilot Research 2025)

Latest Canon Digital Photo Professional DPP for Windows

Download Latest DPP Version for 2025 : Canon Digital Photo Professional Version 4.21.10

Latest Canon Digital Photo Professional DPP for Windows
Latest Canon Digital Photo Professional DPP for Windows PC

Download Canon DPP Version 4.21.10 Editing Software for Windows

DPP 4.21.10 is Compatible with Windows 11

Download Canon DPP Version 4.21.10 Editing Software (Latest Canon DPP for Windows)

Note: It is more convenient to update from a current / installed version of the Canon DPP editing software. Some Canon websites may only offers the availability of older DPP Versions.

If Canon DPP is not installed on your system install and older DPP then go to the 'Check for Updates' inside the software to update manually.

Canon DPP 4.21.10 is Available for Download (Latest Canon DPP for Windows)

Canon DPP For Canon EOS and Powershot Photographers

Latest Free Canon Digital Photo Professional (DPP) JPG / RAW Photo Editing Suite.

Canon DPP Version 4.21.10 should work with the older CR1 / CR2 and new CR3 RAW files from the Canon EOS R1 / EOS R5 C / EOS R3 / EOS R5 Mark II / EOS R5 / EOS R6 / EOS R6 Mark II / EOS R6 Mark III / EOS R7 / EOS R 8 / EOS R10 / EOS R50

After the launch of the Canon EOS R6 Mark III Full-Frame Mirrorless camera, Digital Photo Professional was updated to DPP 4.21.10

The latest DPP versions of the free Canon Desktop Digital Professional software (Ver 4.21.10)

Download Links are available from the Canon USA website (opening / downloading from the Canon DPP Software Support Page) for both Windows (and Mac).

Please Note: a Canon EOS / Powershot camera Serial Number may be required to enable the DPP software download.

Or alternatively an update can be performed directly from an Older Version of Digital Photo Professional (DPP). Go Help inside DPP and Check for Updates.

Latest Canon Digital Photo Professional Download (DPP) 4.21.10 inks

DPP For Windows 10 / 11 Desktop Canon Digital Photo Professional 4.21.10 for Windows

Canon DPP Software Benefits and Features Vernon Chalmers Photography

Latest Canon Digital Photo Professional DPP for Windows

Canon Digital Photo Professional (DPP) 4.21.10 Supported Models

Latest DPP for Canon EOS R Cameras

EOS R1, EOS R3, EOS R5 Mark II, EOS R5 C, EOS R5, EOS R5 Mark II, EOS R6, EOS R6 Mark II, EOS R6 Mark III, EOS R7, EOSR 8 / EOS R10, EOS R50 / EOS Ra, EOS R, EOS RP

Latest DPP for Canon EOS / EOS Kiss Cameras

EOS Kiss X10i / EOS REBEL T8i / EOS 850D, EOS-1D X Mark III, EOS 90D, EOS Kiss X10 / EOS REBEL SL3 / EOS 250D / EOS 200D II, EOS D2000 *, EOS D6000 *, EOS D30, EOS D60, EOS 10D, EOS Kiss Digital / EOS Digital REBEL / EOS 300D Digital, EOS REBEL T100 / EOS 4000D / EOS 3000D, EOS Kiss X90 / EOS REBEL T7 / EOS 2000D / EOS 1500D, EOS-1Ds Mark III, EOS-1Ds Mark II, EOS-1Ds, EOS-1D X Mark II, EOS-1D X, EOS-1D Mark IV, EOS-1D Mark III, EOS-1D Mark II N, EOS-1D Mark II, EOS-1D C, EOS-1D, EOS 80D, EOS 7D Mark II, EOS 7D, EOS 70D, EOS 6D Mark II, EOS 6D, EOS 60Da, EOS 60D, EOS 5DS R, EOS 5DS, EOS 5D Mark IV, EOS 5D Mark III, EOS 5D Mark II, EOS 5D, EOS 50D, EOS 40D, EOS 30D, EOS 20Da, EOS 20D, EOS 9000D / EOS 77D, EOS 8000D / EOS REBEL T6s / EOS 760D, EOS Kiss X9i / EOS REBEL T7i / EOS 800D, EOS Kiss X9 / EOS REBEL SL2 / EOS 200D, EOS Kiss X8i / EOS REBEL T6i / EOS 750D, EOS Kiss X80 / EOS REBEL T6 / EOS 1300D, EOS Kiss X7i / EOS REBEL T5i / EOS 700D, EOS Kiss X70 / EOS REBEL T5 / EOS 1200D / EOS Hi, EOS Kiss X7 / EOS REBEL SL1 / EOS 100D, EOS Kiss X6i / EOS REBEL T4i / EOS 650D, EOS Kiss X50 / EOS REBEL T3 / EOS 1100D, EOS Kiss X5 / EOS REBEL T3i / EOS 600D, EOS Kiss X4 / EOS REBEL T2i / EOS 550D, EOS Kiss X3 / EOS REBEL T1i / EOS 500D, EOS Kiss X2 / EOS REBEL XSi / EOS 450D, EOS Kiss F / EOS REBEL XS / EOS 1000D, EOS Kiss Digital X / EOS Digital REBEL XTi / EOS 400D Digital, EOS Kiss Digital N / EOS Digital REBEL XT / EOS 350D Digital *Can now handle CR2 files converted with the CR2 Converter.

Latest DPP for Canon EOS M Cameras

EOS Kiss M2 / EOS M50 II, EOS M200, EOS M6 Mark II, EOS Kiss M / EOS M50, EOS M100, EOS M10, EOS M6, EOS M5, EOS M3, EOS M2, EOS M

Latest DPP for Canon PowerShot Cameras

PowerShot G5 X Mark II, PowerShot G7 X Mark III, PowerShot SX70 HS, PowerShot G16, PowerShot G15, PowerShot G12, PowerShot G11, PowerShot G10, PowerShot G9 X Mark II, PowerShot G9 X, PowerShot G9, PowerShot G7 X Mark II, PowerShot G7 X, PowerShot G5 X, PowerShot G3 X, PowerShot G1 X Mark III, PowerShot G1 X Mark II, PowerShot G1 X, PowerShot SX60 HS, PowerShot SX50 HS, PowerShot SX1 IS, PowerShot S120, PowerShot S110, PowerShot S100V, PowerShot S100, PowerShot S95, PowerShot S90

Other Canon Software for (compatible) Canon Cameras (Windows / Mac)
  • Canon Lookup Table
  • EOS VR Utility
  • EOS VR Plugin for Adobe Premiere Pro
  • Canon HEVC Activator
  • Input Transform 
  • Canon RAW Plugin for Avid Media Access
  • EOS Webcam Utility
  • EOS Utility
  • Picture Style Editor
  • Picture Style Editor
  • Canon RAW Plugin for Avid Media Access
  • EOS Utility
  • Cinema RAW Development 

Go>> Canon USA

Free Canon DPP Editing Software Suite - Canon Digital Photo Professional For Windows 

Download Canon Digital Photo Professional DPP Editing Software 4.21.10 For Windows

Latest Canon Digital Photo Professional DPP for Windows

16 November 2025

CI Theory in Focus: Photography as Foundation

 Vernon Chalmers Conscious Intelligence Theory
CI Theory in Focus: Photography as Its Foundational Lens

CI Theory in Focus: Photography as Foundation

Conscious Intelligence (CI) is not an abstract construct - it is a lived rhythm, cultivated through the lens and felt in the frame. Long before it became a formal theory, CI emerged in the quiet tension between aperture, awareness and the emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), where the photographer learns to see not just with the eye, but with presence - and uses AI in-camera and during post-processing. CI’s philosophical roots are in my nature photography, revealing how visual practice becomes a nature-connectedness to emotional attunement, symbolic clarity, and existential depth.

The conceptual framework of the Vernon Chalmers Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory was developed from years of photographic experience, phenomenological awareness, humanities systematic application and the algorithmic effect of AI / AGI / ASI in the process of current and future authentic image-making.

Through CI I argue that human consciousness through subjective awareness, cognitive intelligence, memory, etc, should maintain its role as the photographer's most important processes in authentic image-making - although I am aware of the support role that the AI-evolution already has in providing the photographer with an 'ideal exposure' in its's application and function in-camera (Input) and post-processing (Output).

I am of strong belief that the pulse-moment of pressing the shutter should be embedded in the photographer's subjective awareness and phenomenology of how a subject is perceived (in between Input and Output) - it should therefore be an ethical norm to maintain the authenticity of the subject / image as perceived: as natural and original as possible.
In this framework, photography is viewed not merely as a technical skill or the documentation of reality, but as a holistic process of perception and conscious engagement.

“Conscious Intelligence” becomes both a mirror and a method:
  • A mirror: reflecting how we relate to intelligence, presence, and purpose.
  • A method: guiding how we create, teach, and evolve with AI.

Overview of the CI Theory in Focus Framework

The CI philosophy proposes that every act of photographic seeing unfolds through four interdependent dimensions:
  • Awareness: Receptive attunement to the surrounding environment and the present moment.
  • Interpretation: The reflective process of constructing meaning from what is perceived.
  • Ethics: The ethical recognition of the subject's existence beyond mere representation, emphasizing coexistence, empathy and respect.
  • Presence: The integration of the photographer's mind, body, and the moment into a single, conscious act.

Photography as a Foundation

Within this theory, photography serves as a foundation for:
  • Embodied Perception: The act of photography is seen as an embodied engagement with the world, not detached observation. The camera becomes an extension of the photographer's consciousness, allowing for a "flow" state where technical skill and mindful engagement merge.
  • Phenomenological Communication: Images produced within the CI framework are intended to invite the viewer into a state of contemplative observation, triggering an "aesthetic empathy" and a shared awareness between the subject, the photographer, and the viewer.
  • An Ontology of Motion and Awareness: The theory uses the photographic subject (such as birds in flight) as a metaphor for the nature of consciousness itself—expansive, adaptive, and free. The resulting images are seen as a trace of "relational consciousness" rather than a frozen instant in time.
  • Ethical Engagement: Photography under CI becomes a visual ethics, promoting an ecological philosophy grounded in respect and interdependence with the natural world.

Essentially, the "Photography as Foundation" element within the CI theory argues that the technical and artistic process of creating a photograph can be a powerful method for cultivating and communicating a deeper, more conscious understanding of existence and connection.

The Application of CI in Photographic Praxis (AEP)

"CI Theory is deliberately structured to bridge abstract philosophy with tangible creative practice, culminating in what Chalmers terms Applied Existential Photography (AEP). This praxis operationalizes phenomenological and existential concepts through the photographer's technical engagement with the world.

Applied Existential Photography (AEP): The Praxis of Presence

The Mechanics of Embodied Presence

The act of photographing, in the CI framework, is defined as a practice of Conscious Intelligence that begins with slowness and presence. The required stance is not passive inactivity but a "deeply attentive" phenomenological posture of waiting for the right confluence of moment, light, and subject.

As the camera is viewed as a prosthetic extension of the conscious, embodied mind, the photographic process necessitates the synchronization of body, breath, and vision. This ensures that the photographer operates from direct experience, grounding the philosophical mandate of authenticity in the immediate physical experience of capturing the image. The ultimate goal is to cultivate the quality of light that reveals not just forms, but moods and meaning.

CI Theory in Focus: Photography as Foundation
Reed Cormorant in Flight : Diep River Woodbridge Island

Case Study 1: Existential Metaphors in Subject Matter

The choice of subject matter within AEP is always philosophically laden, acting as an existential metaphor.

Birds in Flight (BIF) Photography: Chalmers frequently focuses on technically challenging subjects, such as birds in flight. These images are valued not merely as proof of skill, but as powerful metaphors for profound existential concepts, including freedom, transience, and the tension between movement and stillness—the essence of existential being. Capturing these images requires intense attunement, compelling the photographer to wait, sense, and respond to nature's unfolding process.

Landscapes and Horizons: Similarly, the recurring use of landscapes, horizons, water, and sky transforms these motifs into existential spaces. The horizon, for instance, functions symbolically as the boundary between the known and the unknown, the finite and the infinite, serving as a visual meditation on temporality and openness.

The consistent focus on nature, particularly coastal ecosystems and local Cape Town landscapes such as Milnerton Lagoon, Woodbridge Island, and Bloubergstrand , establishes a relational ontology. This means the abstract CI concept of "Ethics as Conscious Responsibility" is grounded in a moral connection to the environment. By attending carefully to these local places, the photographer models ecological ethics of care, emphasizing that human beings are participants in nature’s unfolding, not merely masters of it. This alignment with eco-phenomenology confirms that the CI photographer acts within a moral field of existence, cultivating empathy and stewardship through visual engagement.

CI Theory in Focus: Photography as Foundation
Table Mountain over Milnerton Lagoon : Woodbridge Island

Case Study 2: Color and Light as Ontological Markers

The use of aesthetic elements, such as color and light, is subject to the CI framework's philosophical constraints. Chalmers argues that color is not simply decorative but ontological, meaning different hues are metaphorically correlated to distinct existential or emotional states. For example, warm colors may evoke vitality, while cooler tones might signify introspection or transcendence. This ensures that the aesthetic choices are consciously made to communicate the meaning derived from the photographer's intentional awareness, rather than being determined by technical or market standards" (Source: Google Gemini Deep Research 2025)
Building Vernon Chalmers’ CI Theory: A Reflective–Philosophical Construction

"Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory offers a transformative philosophical approach to understanding human cognition as the integration of consciousness, awareness, and intelligent adaptation. Rather than treating intelligence as a product of computation or abstract reasoning, Chalmers situates it within the lived field of conscious experience, where perception, memory, language, and ethics converge into a unified system of awareness.

This essay reconstructs the conceptual architecture of CI Theory, tracing its philosophical foundations in phenomenology, existentialism, and systems thinking. By integrating consciousness, personal awareness, memory, personal intelligence, ethics, and language, Chalmers’ framework builds a dynamic and self-reflective model of human understanding and praxis of being (versus AGI / ASI algorithmic application).

Chalmers' argues that Conscious Intelligence represents not merely a theory of mind, but a philosophy of being - an account of how awareness manifests as intelligent participation in existence.

Building this theory requires an integrative vision that unites phenomenology, epistemology, and ethics. CI Theory is not a mechanistic model but a reflective–philosophical synthesis that situates the intelligent mind within the dynamic flow of awareness, memory, language, and moral understanding.

Consciousness, in this view, is both origin and medium; it perceives, interprets, remembers, and acts..."
Conscious Intelligence (CI) vs. AGI

Conscious Intelligence (CI) vs. ASI

Essay / References: Vernon Chalmers Conscious Intelligence Theory

Benefits of Canon DPP Editing Software

Canon Digital Photo Professional (DPP) Software: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Role in Digital Photography

Core Features and Capabilities of Canon DPP Editing Software

Benefits of Canon DPP Editing Software

Download Latest Canon DPP 4.21.10 For Windows

Canon’s Digital Photo Professional (DPP) software has evolved as a cornerstone of the Canon imaging ecosystem, offering photographers an advanced, free platform for RAW file processing. Positioned as a proprietary alternative to Adobe Lightroom and Capture One, DPP enables precise control over key image parameters, offers seamless integration with Canon camera systems, and includes specialized features such as Digital Lens Optimizer and Dual Pixel RAW processing. This essay provides a comprehensive overview of the software’s functionality, user interface, and effectiveness in both professional and enthusiast workflows, while examining its philosophical and technological alignment with Canon’s broader commitment to image fidelity and optical excellence. It also explores critical considerations for future development, usability, and cross-platform adaptability. Recommendations are offered for integrating DPP into broader contemporary post-processing practices, emphasizing both the software’s unique strengths and inherent limitations.

Introduction

Digital photography has transformed the creative and technical processes of capturing, editing, and sharing images. In this evolving landscape, post-processing software plays an essential role in enabling photographers to translate vision into compelling digital artworks. Canon’s Digital Photo Professional (DPP) is one such software developed exclusively for Canon camera users, particularly those shooting in RAW format. First introduced in the mid-2000s, DPP has since grown into a sophisticated application offering color grading, exposure correction, and optical optimization tools tailored to Canon’s image-making ecosystem (Canon Inc., 2023).

As a free offering bundled with Canon cameras, DPP occupies a unique niche within a market dominated by subscription-based alternatives. More than a mere utility, it can be considered a central component in the Canon workflow, integrating proprietary algorithms and a color science ethos that aligns with the brand’s imaging philosophy. This essay explores the functionality, significance, limitations, and creative value of DPP software, demonstrating its key contributions to modern photographic practice.

The Canon Workflow Philosophy

Canon designed DPP as an extension of its camera philosophy—an emphasis on trust, authenticity, and optical purity in image creation. Unlike third-party software that must accommodate a range of sensors and lens designs, DPP is engineered exclusively for Canon’s proprietary RAW formats (CR2 and CR3). This alignment enables the software to process data as it was captured, preserving the nuances and integrity of color and tonal information (Moore, 2021).

The consistency between camera capture and software interpretation creates a conceptual continuum from light entering the lens to the final digital output. Canon’s attention to color science is visible in DPP’s ability to faithfully reproduce skin tones, subtle gradients, and controlled highlights. Importantly, DPP is not positioned merely as a tool for creative variation—it is presented as a means to achieve the most accurate and technically efficient interpretation of Canon’s RAW data (Nagao & Mori, 2019).

User Interface and Experience

DPP’s user interface aligns with its functional focus: it prioritizes technical clarity and precision over aesthetic minimalism. While some users describe the interface as dated or underwhelming compared to contemporary designs like Lightroom’s, it remains effective for methodical RAW processing (Smith, 2022). The layout includes a file browser, viewer, and adjustment panel, offering photographers a clear path from import to export.

The interface supports multiple viewing modes, including side-by-side RAW/JPEG comparisons and detailed histogram displays. Presets are available to mirror in-camera Picture Styles, enabling consistency between previewed and final images. Regardless of its lack of visual flair, DPP allows users—including those new to RAW editing—to navigate thoughtfully through the technical requirements of image correction and enhancement.

Core Features and Capabilities 

  • RAW Image Processing

At the heart of DPP is its robust RAW processing engine. Canon RAW files can include up to 14 bits of tonal data, providing latitude for exposure, white balance, and tonal adjustments. The software includes sliders for brightness, contrast, and shadow correction, along with highly configurable tone curves (Canon Inc., 2023). Unlike JPEG editing, processing RAW files in DPP allows photographers to amend technical decisions after the fact without significant degradation.

  • Picture Styles

Canon’s Picture Styles form a foundational component of DPP, allowing photographers to apply in-camera style presets—such as Standard, Portrait, Landscape, or Neutral—to the RAW image with precise control (Schoot, 2020). Unlike presets in third-party applications, Picture Styles maintain consistency with the camera’s output, enabling photographers to refine their vision in post-production while preserving the brand’s intended tonal signature.

  • Digital Lens Optimizer (DLO)

One of the most distinctive features of DPP is the Digital Lens Optimizer (DLO), which applies optical corrections based on specific Canon lens profiles (Canon Inc., 2021). DLO compensates for diffraction, aberration, and other imperfections inherent in optical systems. The functionality maintains sharpness across the image field and enhances micro-contrast, particularly in wide-angle lens applications. The feature underlines Canon’s commitment to producing excellent image quality without requiring additional hardware investments.

Dual Pixel RAW Processing

For users with select higher-end Canon DSLR and mirrorless cameras, such as the EOS 5D Mark IV or EOS R5, DPP includes Dual Pixel RAW (DPRAW) processing (Canon Inc., 2020). Through this feature, photographers can perform micro-adjustments to focus and bokeh after capture. DPRAW essentially enables image-based corrections to the plane of focus—particularly useful in portraiture and macro photography. While niche, this feature demonstrates the innovation and integration between Canon’s camera technology and DPP's post-processing capabilities.

Noise Reduction and High ISO Performance

DPP features advanced noise reduction capabilities, with specific adjustments available for chroma and luminance noise. These tools are particularly effective when applied using Canon’s default lens and sensor profiles, allowing users to achieve natural grain structures in high ISO scenarios without the waxy textures sometimes produced by aggressive smoothing algorithms in other platforms (Lee, 2019).

Integration with Canon Camera Systems

One of DPP’s greatest strengths is its seamless integration with Canon bodies. Canon’s metadata and Picture Style settings are preserved and can be adjusted non-destructively in DPP. This creates a cohesive workflow between capture and post-production not fully achievable through third-party software, where metadata interpretations may differ. Further, DPP offers tethered shooting capabilities, allowing photographers using Canon EOS cameras to control their setup remotely during studio sessions (Canon Europe, 2022).

Because DPP is designed in tandem with Canon firmware updates, it often accommodates new camera features quickly after release—ensuring continued compatibility with the latest devices. This integration reinforces Canon’s vision of a closed, high-fidelity imaging ecosystem (Yamada, 2021).

Comparative Analysis: DPP vs. Competitors

While Canon DPP is powerful within its domain, photographers often evaluate it alongside industry-standard applications such as Adobe Lightroom, Capture One Pro, and DxO PhotoLab. Unlike Lightroom or Capture One, DPP is a brand-specific tool, accessible only to Canon users and limited to their file formats. This restriction simplifies optimization but reduces cross-brand flexibility.

Compared to Lightroom’s library management or Capture One’s layer-based workflow, DPP is less flexible in organizing large photo collections or performing complex local edits (Wright, 2022). However, for photographers who value color accuracy and subtle tonal rendering that match camera outputs, DPP is frequently preferred. Its free availability and custom Canon lens corrections add further value.

Workflow Considerations and Limitations

DPP is ideal for photographers seeking dependable color reproduction and lens corrections while maintaining a Canon-based workflow. However, it has limitations that prevent it from being a comprehensive solution for all users:

  • Performance Issues: DPP can be slower than competitors such as Lightroom, especially on larger RAW files and less powerful computers (Smith, 2022).
  • Limited Batch Editing: While batch functions exist, the software is less efficient in managing high-volume workflows than third-party catalog-based systems.
  • Cross-Platform Constraints: DPP is only available on Windows and macOS, with no cloud or mobile extensions.

Nevertheless, many of its constraints reflect Canon’s strategic focus on image quality over digital infrastructure.

Creative and Professional Applications

Canon DPP remains particularly effective for professional photographers involved in fields such as portraiture, wildlife, and studio photography—any domain where technical fidelity is prized. For wildlife and bird photographers, precise control over noise and detail are vital, especially when photographing fast-moving subjects at high ISO. DPP’s combination of Digital Lens Optimizer and noise reduction offers reliable image quality without over-processing (Khan, 2020).

In portraiture, Picture Styles and Dual Pixel RAW functionality provide unique tools for subtle atmospheric and focus adjustments. By preserving the original nuances captured by Canon sensors, DPP supports workflows that seek authenticity over stylization.

Future Directions

For Canon DPP to remain relevant, updates will likely need to address:

  • GPU acceleration, improving speed and responsiveness.
  • Cloud-based or mobile integration, to adapt to hybrid workflows.
  • Richer local editing tools, such as brush and layer support.
  • Expanded lens and profile library for new camera systems.

Speculation continues about whether Canon will evolve DPP into a more competitive editing platform or maintain it primarily as a brand-specific RAW processor.

Conclusion

Canon Digital Photo Professional is a specialized post-processing tool that underscores the brand’s commitment to optical clarity, color accuracy, and image fidelity. In a world where photographers balance creative expression with technical precision, DPP offers a workflow that respects the photographer’s intent while harnessing the full power of Canon’s imaging technologies. It may not replace Lightroom, Capture One, or other advanced editing tools for all users, but it is an invaluable asset for photographers who prioritize image accuracy and integration with Canon cameras.

As both technology and photographic practices evolve, so too must tools like DPP. While its design philosophy makes it conservative compared to other software, its strengths—such as Digital Lens Optimizer and Dual Pixel RAW—position it uniquely within the landscape of RAW processors. Canon DPP remains an essential resource in contemporary digital photography, affirming the intimate link between capture and post-production—a connection that defines the digital photographer’s experience.

References

Canon Inc. (2020). Dual Pixel RAW function [Technical documentation]. Canon Global.

Canon Inc. (2021). Digital Lens Optimizer: Overview and operation. Canon Developer Resources.

Canon Inc. (2023). Digital Photo Professional 4: Software guide. Canon Support.

Canon Europe. (2022). Tethered shooting with Canon EOS cameras. Canon Europe.

Khan, M. (2020). The role of camera-native software in wildlife photography workflows. Journal of Outdoor Imaging Science, 4(2), 48–55.

Lee, A. (2019). Noise reduction techniques in RAW conversion software: A comparative analysis. Digital Imaging Review, 11(3), 143–158.

Moore, J. (2021). Canon’s RAW workflow philosophy: A technical and aesthetic review. Photography Technology Quarterly, 22(1), 32–49.

Nagao, H., & Mori, K. (2019). Color science and sensor optimization in Canon DSLR systems. Color and Vision Research, 7(1), 18–27.

Schoot, J. (2020). Picture Styles and the identity of Canon photographs. Visual Communication & Design Journal, 5(4), 198–210.

Smith, B. (2022). User experience evaluation: Canon Digital Photo Professional. Pro Imaging Today, 16(7), 64–72.

Wright, A. (2022). RAW editing platforms: A guide to functionality and workflow. Contemporary Imaging Review, 13(4), 250–267.

Yamada, T. (2021). Integration of software and firmware in Canon cameras: A developmental narrative. Tech Insights in Imaging, 9(2), 75–89.

15 November 2025

Mastering Birds in Flight Photography

 Mastering Birds in Flight Photography with Canon EOS Systems

Mastering Canon Bird in Flight Photography
Yellow-Billed Duck : Copyright Vernon Chalmers Photography

"Bird in flight photography offers an exhilarating blend of artistic appeal and immense technical challenge"

"Birds in flight (BIF) photography demands exceptional precision, reflexes, and mastery of photographic tools. Among these tools, Canon’s EOS ecosystem — encompassing both DSLR and mirrorless platforms — provides a comprehensive combination of autofocus performance, lens compatibility, and configurable controls that make photographing fast-moving avian subjects possible. This essay offers a systematic exploration of BIF photography techniques specifically tailored to Canon EOS systems. Topics include autofocus configuration, shutter speed selection, exposure control, lens choices, and workflow strategies that are critical for producing high-quality BIF imagery. Through a combination of technical instruction, practical examples, and reflective insights, this guide aims to help intermediate and advanced photographers optimize their use of Canon gear for BIF photography. The essay concludes by highlighting the interrelationship between skill, equipment, and environmental awareness.

Introduction

Birds in flight photography is one of the most challenging and rewarding genres in wildlife imaging. Capturing a bird in full motion requires a fusion of technical precision, intuitive timing, environmental awareness, and a deep understanding of avian behavior. Canon’s EOS system offers a powerful array of tools for BIF photography, whether you're shooting with a mid-level DSLR like the EOS 90D or R-series mirrorless bodies such as the EOS R5 or R7. This guide provides an in-depth exploration of BIF strategies using Canon EOS cameras, lenses, autofocus systems, custom settings, and field techniques to improve accuracy, consistency, and creative output.

The Appeal and Challenge of Bird in Flight Photography

Birds in flight are elusive and unpredictable, making them both frustrating and captivating subjects. The movement of wings, erratic flight paths, and rapidly changing backgrounds require instantaneous decision-making. Mastering this genre sharpens your perceptual awareness and technical agility like few others in photography.

For Canon EOS users, BIF photography uniquely tests the responsiveness of autofocus systems, buffer speed, burst rates, lens sharpness under movement, and your own understanding of how light interacts with fast motion. Success is measured in split-second precision — timing, sharpness, exposure, and aesthetics work together in the perfect frame.

Vernon Chalmers Canon Birds in Flight Photography Training

Setting Up Your Canon EOS System for Birds in Flight Photography

Autofocus Modes

Canon’s AF technology is the backbone of BIF success. Key modes include:

  • AI Servo AF (DSLR) / Servo AF (Mirrorless): Continuous focus mode designed to track moving subjects.
  • Eye Detection / Animal Eye AF (EOS R bodies): Powerful for locking onto the heads of birds, especially when flying towards or across the frame.
  • Zone / Expand AF Areas: Recommended over single-point for BIF to give the camera flexibility while still maintaining control.

Recommended Setup:

  • AF Operation: Servo
  • AF Method: Large Zone (or Flexible Zone on R-series)
  • Subject Tracking: Enabled (for mirrorless)
  • Eye/Face Detection: On (if available)

Custom Buttons and Control

Assigning shortcuts to back-button focus, quick AF point switching, and subject tracking toggles can greatly improve response times. For example:

  • AF-ON: Servo AF tracking
  • ⃞ button: Lock exposure
  • Shutter button: Release only (not engaging autofocus)

Lens Choices and Telephoto Considerations

Birds require reach — typically 300 mm to 600 mm. Canon’s telephoto lens lineup is diverse.

Entry-Level Options

  • Canon EF 70–300 mm f/4–5.6 IS II USM (DSLR)
  • RF 100–400 mm f/5.6–8 IS USM (Mirrorless)

Enthusiast Options

  • EF 100–400 mm f/4.5–5.6L IS II USM
  • RF 100–500 mm f/4.5–7.1L IS USM

Professional Options

  • EF 500 mm f/4L IS
  • RF 600 mm f/4L IS USM

Using extenders (1.4× or 2×) can increase reach but may affect autofocus speed and aperture. Mirrorless users with Canon’s Dual Pixel CMOS AF II experience less impact, but it's still important to test combinations to find a balance between focal length and performance.

Exposure, Shutter Speeds, and Motion Control 

Shutter Speed

Shutter speed is crucial. Birds flap rapidly — wings beating at 5–20 frames per second depending on species. As a baseline:

  • Fast action (crisp detail): 1/2000 to 1/4000 sec
  • Mild wing blur (aesthetic): 1/1000 to 1/1600 sec
  • Dynamic intentional blur: 1/60 to 1/200 sec (advanced, risks missed focus)

Aperture

Wide apertures (f/4 or f/5.6) help isolate subjects but can reduce depth of field. Stopping down to f/7.1–f/8 increases sharpness and depth, especially important for large birds or if focus precision is tricky.

ISO Management

ISO may need to rise to maintain fast shutter speeds. Canon’s EOS cameras handle ISO 1600–3200 reasonably well, and modern noise-reduction tools make post-processing manageable. Auto ISO in manual mode is often the most flexible setup.

Environmental Variables for Improved Birds in Flight Photography

Mastering Birds in Flight Photography
Peregrine Falcon : Vernon Chalmers Photography

Understanding Bird Behavior

Bird flight patterns aren’t random. Understanding behavior — feeding cycles, mating displays, migration routes — creates better photographic opportunities. Pre-set and anticipate movement.

Examples:

  • Swallows perform erratic aerial maneuvers.
  • Raptors like eagles glide in predictable lines.
  • Herons lift off slowly with long wing strokes.


Panning and Framing

Panning is essential to follow birds smoothly. Maintain a stable stance (feet shoulder-width apart), rotate from the hips, and match the bird’s speed. Frame with space ahead of the bird to create a sense of motion and direction. Avoid cropping wings tightly, which diminishes emotional and visual impact.

Burst Rate, Buffer Depth, and Memory Cards 

Frame Rate

Canon EOS DSLRs like the 7D Mark II offer up to 10 fps. Mirrorless bodies (e.g., EOS R6, R5, or R7) may reach even higher frames per second in certain modes. More frames dramatically increase the likelihood of capturing the ideal wing posture or peak action moment.

Buffer

A fast, deep buffer ensures that high-frame bursts don’t immediately fill up and stall. Use high-speed memory cards:

  • DSLRS: UHS-II SD cards or CompactFlash (depending on model)
  • R-Series: CFexpress Type B (for highest-performance bodies) or UHS-II SD cards

Mirrorless vs. DSLR for BIF: Canon EOS Experience

Mirrorless Canon systems offer several BIF-specific advantages:

  • Real-time eye / animal detection tracking
  • Extremely fast continuous burst modes
  • Nearly full-frame coverage of AF points
  • Silent or electronic shutter options


DSLRs, on the other hand, still have their merits:

  • Optical viewfinders for zero lag and real-time feedback
  • Robust battery life
  • Proven durability (especially in pro models like Canon’s 1DX series)

Transitioning to mirrorless requires adaptation: you’ll need to get used to the EVF and possibly to relying more on AI-driven subject tracking. But the payoff for BIF photographers is often significant, especially for difficult, erratic flight paths.

Field Craft and Environmental Skills 

Positioning and Backgrounds
  • Shoot at or near bird eye-level whenever possible.
  • If shooting against sky backgrounds, be aware of potential underexposure.
  • Against treelines or water, be mindful of focus confusion — these can act as “distractor” areas.
  • Choose backgrounds that offer contrast but aren’t overly busy.

Weather and Light
  • Golden hour (sunrise/sunset) provides soft directional light that can help freeze wing motion and enhance color.
  • Overcast skies yield more balanced exposures but may lack contrast.
  • Wind direction greatly influences bird take-off and landing patterns; birds often take off into the wind.

Composition and Storytelling in BIF

Sharpness and clarity are important—but composition and narrative make images memorable.

Techniques:

  • Use leading lines: e.g. flight paths, shoreline, branches
  • Apply the rule of thirds for more dynamic framing
  • Incorporate negative space to emphasize motion or direction
  • Aim to capture interaction: hunting, flocking, mating behaviors all add emotional and ecological depth

Canon-Specific Techniques and Customisation 

Custom Shooting Modes (C1–C3)

Set up customized shooting profiles to quickly switch between BIF scenarios:

  • C1 (Fast Action):

    Manual exposure

    Auto ISO

    Servo AF

    High-speed burst

  • C2 (Backlit / Sky):

    Same as C1, but with +0.7–1 EV exposure compensation for silhouetted subjects

  • C3 (Creative / Blurred):

    Slower shutter speed

    Possibly lower frame rate

    More flexible AF area or single point


AF Case Settings (For Canon DSLRs)

On cameras with “AF Case” presets:

  • Case 2: Continue to track subject, ignoring potential obstacles
  • Case 4: For subjects that accelerate or decelerate quickly


For mirrorless bodies, you often have tracking sensitivity, acceleration/deceleration, and subject distance limiters that replicate similar behavior.

Post-Processing Insights for Birds in Flight

A strong post-processing workflow is critical to bring out the best in BIF images:

  • RAW Conversion: Use Canon’s Digital Photo Professional (DPP) or third-party tools (Lightroom, Capture One) for accurate color and exposure.
  • Exposure Refinement: Recover highlights/shadows, especially in high-contrast scenes.
  • Sharpening: Use targeted sharpening for the bird, especially on wings and eyes, without over-sharpening background noise.
  • Noise Reduction: High-ISO images benefit from moderate luminance reduction and careful chroma smoothing.
  • Crop Thoughtfully: Maintain resolution, but crop for composition and impact—focus on wing position, body shape, and direction of flight.

Common BIF Mistakes and How to Fix Them

  • Missed Focus:
    Solution: Expand AF area, use a faster shutter, practice panning and tracking.
  • Underexposure:
    Solution: Use exposure compensation (+ EV) in evaluative or center-weight metering.
  • Wings Clipped:
    Solution: Give more space around the bird while composing; anticipate wingspan.
  • Slow Autofocus:
    Solution: Use fast USM / Nano USM lenses, ensure good light, check AF case settings or tracking sensitivity.

Integrating Technical Mastery with Creativity

Mastery of BIF photography with Canon EOS systems is not just about getting sharp frames—it’s about the integration of technical skill with creativity. Your gear should feel like a natural extension of your vision, allowing you to react to flight with precision, patience, and purpose. The more you practice, the more your instinctive tracking, framing, and timing improve. Over time, the goal becomes not just capturing a bird, but capturing a moment of life and motion that tells a story.

Birds in Flight Photography Learning Considerations

Mastering Birds in Flight Photography
Speckled Pigeon : Copyright Vernon Chalmers Photography

Conclusion

Mastering bird in flight photography using Canon EOS systems requires more than just high-end gear. It demands a deeper understanding of autofocus behavior, shutter mechanics, exposure dynamics, lens capabilities, and field awareness. Whether you're working with a DSLR or a mirrorless body, you need to integrate technique, anticipation, and environmental insight to produce compelling images of rapid, airborne subjects.

Beyond the technical settings, success in BIF photography emerges from mindful practice, a strong connection to natural behavior, and the ability to adapt quickly. Canon’s ecosystem—software, hardware, and lens options—gives you the flexibility and performance needed to meet the demands of action photography.

By mastering autofocus configurations, optimizing your exposure strategy, refining your bursting and tracking technique, and applying clean post-processing techniques, you can significantly improve your BIF results. Ultimately, excellence in this genre comes from the symbiotic relationship between your creative intention and the responsive capacity of your equipment.

With dedication, experimentation, and practice, you can make your Canon EOS system an integral partner in capturing the beauty, energy, and freedom of birds in flight." (Source: ChatGPT 2025)

References

Canon. (2017). EOS AF system guidebook. Canon Corporation.

Canon. (2022). Canon EOS R7: Product specifications and performance overview. Canon Imaging Systems.

Canon. (2023). RF lenses for wildlife and action photography: A new generation. Canon Global.

Chalmers, V. (2021). Birds in flight photography: EOS autofocus and exposure considerations. Vernon Chalmers Photography.

Peterson, B. (2016). Understanding Exposure: How to Shoot Great Photographs with Any Camera (4th ed.). Amphoto Books.

Taubert, R. (2018). Mastering Wildlife Photography: The Art, the Gear, and the Techniques of Photographing Animals in the Wild. Rocky Nook.