The Theory of Photography

The Theory of Photography: Awareness, Research and Resources

“For me, the camera is a sketch book, an instrument of intuition and spontaneity.”

― Henri Cartier-Bresson

Colour Theory for Photographers

Contemporary Photography Research

Theory of Photography Research

Vernon Chalmers Conscious Intelligence Theory Index

The Theory of Photography (Photographers)

Photography theory is a fascinating field that delves into the essence of the medium. Let’s explore some key perspectives:

• John Szarkowski: As a curator at the Museum of Modern Art, Szarkowski significantly shaped photography’s identity in the art world. He emphasized photographers’ awareness of inherent characteristics and challenges within the medium. His work extended Modernist ideas to photography, emphasizing self-critique and competence1.

• Susan Sontag: A cultural critic, Sontag explored photography’s impact on our perception of reality. Her book “On Photography” delves into topics like the ethics of capturing certain moments and the role of photographs in art and memory.

• Roland Barthes: A literary theorist, Barthes dissected photography’s semiotics. His essay “Camera Lucida” explores the emotional impact of certain photographs, emphasizing the “punctum” – that elusive detail that resonates with viewers.

Remember, each theorist offers a unique lens through which we can appreciate and understand photography. 2 1 3 4

Theory of Photography

"The theory of photography encompasses a wide range of concepts and principles related to the art and science of capturing and reproducing images using light. It involves the study of both the technical aspects of photography and its artistic and creative elements. Here are some key elements of the theory of photography:

1. Light and Optics: Photography is fundamentally about capturing light. Understanding how light behaves, including concepts like reflection, refraction, and the electromagnetic spectrum, is crucial for photographers. This knowledge helps in manipulating light to create desired effects in photographs.

2. Camera Operation: Understanding how a camera works is essential. This includes knowledge about the camera's various components, such as the lens, aperture, shutter speed, and sensor, and how they interact to control exposure, depth of field, and motion blur.

3. Exposure: Exposure is one of the most critical aspects of photography. It involves controlling the amount of light that reaches the camera's sensor or film to create a well-exposed image. Factors like aperture, shutter speed, and ISO sensitivity play a significant role in achieving proper exposure.

4. Composition: Composition refers to the arrangement of elements within a photograph. The theory of photography includes principles like the rule of thirds, leading lines, symmetry, balance, and framing. These principles guide photographers in creating visually appealing and meaningful images.

5. Color Theory: Understanding color theory helps photographers make informed decisions about color palettes, contrast, and the emotional impact of colors in their photographs.

6. Depth of Field: Depth of field refers to the range of distances in a photograph that appears acceptably sharp. Photographers use aperture settings to control depth of field, which can influence the composition and storytelling in an image.

7. Camera Types and Formats: Different types of cameras (e.g., DSLR, mirrorless, film, smartphone) and formats (e.g., 35mm, medium format) have their characteristics and advantages. Knowing how to choose the right equipment for a given situation is an important aspect of photography theory.

8. History and Evolution: Understanding the history of photography and the evolution of photographic technology can provide insights into contemporary practices and trends in the field.

9. Photographic Genres: Photography encompasses various genres, including portrait, landscape, street, documentary, wildlife, and more. Each genre has its own set of techniques and considerations.

10. Post-Processing: Modern photography often involves post-processing using software like Adobe Photoshop or Lightroom. Knowledge of post-processing techniques such as color correction, retouching, and compositing is part of photography theory.

11. Ethical and Legal Considerations: Photographers must be aware of ethical issues related to privacy, consent, and representation. They should also understand copyright and licensing laws related to their work.

12. Artistic Expression: Beyond the technical aspects, photography theory delves into the realm of artistic expression. It encourages photographers to develop their unique style and vision, using photography as a medium for creative storytelling and self-expression.

Photography theory is a dynamic field that continues to evolve with advancements in technology and changes in artistic trends. It provides a foundation for photographers to master their craft and push the boundaries of what is possible in visual storytelling." (Source: Chat GPT 2023)

Theory of Contemporary Photography

"Contemporary Photography is a fascinating field that has evolved significantly over time. Let’s delve into it:

Definition and Approach

• Contemporary Photography is often described as photography “about” something rather than “of” something. In other words, it’s an approach to photography that emphasizes conveying ideas, concepts, or arguments visually 1.
  
  
• Unlike a specific style or genre, it’s more about the intention behind the images and the questions they raise. It can be seen as an exploration of “why” rather than just “what.”

RPS Distinctions

• The Royal Photographic Society (RPS) defines Contemporary Photography as communicating a visual realization of a stated argument, idea, or concept 1.
  
  
• This definition suggests that it goes beyond mere aesthetics and delves into deeper meanings.

Key Topics and Debates

Contemporary Photography intersects with critical debates in fine art photography. Some key areas include:

• Identity: Exploring how photography reflects and shapes identity.
• Place and Landscape: Examining the significance of location and environment.
• Politics of Representation: Analyzing how images convey power dynamics and social narratives.
• Psychoanalysis: Investigating the subconscious and emotional aspects of photography.
• Events: Capturing moments that transcend the surface level 2 3.

Contemporary Photography is a dynamic field that invites exploration, questioning, and conceptual depth." (Source: Microsoft Copilot"

Theory of Photography Article / Research Links

Applying Intuition during Action Photography Vernon Chalmers Photography

Basic Critical Theory for Photographers Free PDF Download Academia
Baudrillard’s Photographic Theory International Journal of Baudrillard Studies

Benefits of Using Auto-ISO on Canon EOS Cameras Vernon Chalmers Photography

Brief History of Photography and Photojournalism North Dakota State University

Color Theory for Photographers Kolari

Color Theory for Photographers: An Introduction C.London

Color Theory Photography Guide Dave Morrow Photography

Contemporary Photography Practice: expanded methodology and critical ways of thinking PDF Download DatJournal

Conservation Photography and Photojournalism: Using your Photography for Environmental Conservation Adobe

Five Fundamental Compositional Theories You Should Master Today SLR Lounge

Five Photography Theory Books Worth Reading Widewalls

Formal Visual Analysis: The Elements & Principles of Composition The Kennedy Center

Photographic Portraits: Narrative and Memory Forum: Qualitative Social Research

Psychological Influence on Vernon Chalmers Photography Vernon Chalmers Photography

Getting Started with Photo Theory: Szarkowski, Sontag, and Barthes B&H Photo and Electronics

Harness The Power of Gestalt Theory in Photography The Lens Lounge

How To Use Gestalt Theory For Better Composition The Creative Photographer

Hunters and Gatherers of Pictures: Why Photography Has Become a Human Universal NIH

Importance of Photography Theory in Education Creative Hut Institute of Photography

Learning to Do Historical Research: Sources Photographic Images William Cronon

Mental Health and Photography Mental Health and Motivation

Mindful Photography: 11 Therapeutic Ways to Use Your Camera Positive Psychology

Photographic History and Theory: Analytical Essay Edubirdie

Photography Theory PDF Download Edited by James Elkins University College Cork

Photography Theory Photocritic Photo School

Photography Theory and Existential Motivation Vernon Chalmers Photography

Photography Theory and Practice – A Collaborative Project 35mmc

Photography as Theory in Action ResearchGateReading and Researching Photographs PDF Download Helena Zinkham Library of Congress

Seven Gestalt principles of Visual Perception User Testing

Science & Photography The Royal Photographic Society

Shutter Speed Settings on Canon EOS Cameras Vernon Chalmers Photography

Social Theory, Photography and the Visual Aesthetic of Cultural Modernity Sage Journals

Start Using Composition Theory in Your Photography Instead of Composition Rules FStoppers

Studies in Theory and History of Photography Walter de Gruyter

Teaching Photography Theory to Art Students: Three Case Studies ResearchGate

The Theory of the Modern Photographic Process Vernon Chalmers Photography

The History of Photography Vernon Chalmers Photography

The Impact and Influence of Photography Vernon Chalmers Photography

The Importance of Photography in Graphic Design Study.com

The Memory of Photography Taylor and Francis Online

The New Theory of Photography: Critical Examination and Responses ResearchGate

The Visual Vernacular: Embracing Photographs in Research Springer Link

Theoretical Perspectives on Photography as Research Academia

Theories of Photography: Representation, Communication, and Aesthetics Brooklyn Institute for Social Research

Understanding Aperture in Photography Vernon Chalmers Photography

What's So New about the “New” Theory of Photography? The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism

Theory of Photography

Images Source: Pixabay (Open Source)

It's Not About Likes, but Enjoying a Moment

Grey Heron Landing: Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island

Many of you may have seen this image of the Grey Heron landing (walking) quite a few times.

Over the course of 15 years he has accumulated more than a million Likes and many, many Comments from all over the connected world.

The (personal) contribution I want to make to the developing photographer is that it is not always about the Likes when making an image – it’s not about the stimulus and response in terms of take image (stimulus) and get rewarded via Likes (response) i.e. perceived beauty or quality of an image etc.

What matters is what happens in the moment you take the image, your own satisfaction (as an impermanent and special moment) captured with purpose with your camera / phone. The (existential) story that an image portray (and sharing) is in my opinion more important than the Likes. Although Likes are generous attempts to support your image-making – and I suppose most photographers will experience gratitude in receiving Likes and Comments. I’m not saying Likes / Comments are not required / or not necessary. What I am saying - is that Likes should not be the primary objective.

Also, the camera / lens you use is not always that important. The image of the grey heron was captured 15 years ago with an entry-level DSLR and a 1st generation 70-300mm lens. What counted in my favour was that I happened to look behind me and saw the bird. At that very moment I was only zoomed to 167mm, but I took the image. The image is not of any high resolution or quality, but it did not matter. I enjoyed the moment and after a few weeks published it online.

The response was overwhelming – what I enjoyed most was all the comments from all over the world. It’s still getting responses in Likes and Comments and I’m grateful for it. But it was not about chasing Likes, it was published as purpose for existential freedom (the bird) and impermanence of the frame (bird or you will be gone in a minute or so) with old-school authenticity of a minimalist approach of editing and change.

Bottom-line is that you do not have to own the latest gear to tell your story through image-making. It’s about your enjoyment, purpose and interconnectedness with light and nature to name a few soul-satisfying values when you're enjoying the moment(s).

Vernon Chalmers Conscious Intelligence Theory Index

© Vernon Chalmers Image and Content Copyright Vernon Chalmers Photography

Grey Heron Landing: Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island

A Symbolic Essay on Arrival, Solitude, and the Poetics of Place

There is a moment - quiet, deliberate, and almost imperceptible - when the grey heron descends toward the water. Its wings, wide and slow, carve the air with intention. Its gaze remains fixed, not on conquest, but on communion. This moment, suspended between flight and rest, becomes a metaphor for the human condition: the tension between movement and meaning, between searching and arriving.

At Milnerton Lagoon, where the Atlantic whispers against the shore and Woodbridge Island stands sentinel to both sea and suburb, the heron’s landing is not merely biological - it is existential. It is here, in this liminal space, that the heron becomes more than bird. It becomes symbol.

The Heron as Archetype

The grey heron, solitary and poised, evokes the archetype of the reflective wanderer. It does not flock, nor does it rush. Its presence is a study in patience, a living embodiment of mindfulness. In psychoeducational terms, the heron mirrors the individual in recovery - returning to the self after turbulence, choosing stillness over reaction, observation over impulse.

Its landing is not dramatic. It is precise. This precision speaks to the therapeutic act of grounding—of touching down into one’s body, one’s story, one’s truth. The heron does not land to escape the sky; it lands to engage the earth.

Lagoon as Mirror, Island as Boundary

Milnerton Lagoon, with its shifting tides and reflective surface, becomes a mirror to the psyche. It holds memory, distortion, and clarity in equal measure. The heron’s reflection - sometimes whole, sometimes fractured - reminds us that identity is fluid, shaped by light, angle, and depth.

Woodbridge Island, meanwhile, offers a paradox. It is connected yet apart. Accessible yet isolated. It becomes a metaphor for relational boundaries: the need to be near without being consumed, to be seen without being defined. The heron lands here not to claim territory, but to inhabit a threshold.

Symbolic Landing as Existential Arrival

To land is to arrive. But arrival, in existential terms, is not geographic—it is emotional, spiritual, and symbolic. The heron’s descent marks a transition: from doing to being, from flight to presence. It invites us to consider our own landings. Where do we touch down when we seek meaning? What surfaces do we trust to hold our weight?

In therapeutic practice, this motif can guide reflection. The heron becomes a prompt: What am I landing into? What am I leaving behind? What posture do I assume when I arrive? These questions, gentle yet profound, open pathways to healing.

Closing Reflection

Grey Heron Landing: Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island is not just a scene—it is a symbol. It is the choreography of solitude, the poetics of place, and the quiet triumph of arrival. For the photographer, it is a moment to capture. For the educator, a metaphor to teach. For the seeker, a mirror to gaze into.

And for all of us, it is a reminder: that even in flight, we are always approaching something. And when we land—if we land with grace—we become part of the landscape that holds us." (Microsoft Copilot)

What is Existential Photography?

Vernon Chalmers Existential Photography

Image: Grey Heron at Milnerton Lagoon / Woodbridge Island

Copyright: Vernon Chalmers Photography

Vernon Chalmers CI Theory as Creative Practice

Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory presents a sophisticated integration of consciousness studies, phenomenology, ecological perception, and creative practice.

"Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence Photography (CI) Theory presents a unique synthesis of consciousness studies, phenomenology, and photographic practice. CI positions photography not merely as a technical craft or aesthetic pursuit but as an embodied mode of knowing—a dynamic interaction between awareness, perception, and intentional creativity. This essay examines Conscious Intelligence as a creative practice, analysing how CI reframes the photographic act as an event of conscious encounter, embodied presence, environmental attunement, and cognitive–emotional integration. Drawing upon phenomenology, cognitive science, and contemporary theories of embodied intelligence, the essay argues that CI functions simultaneously as epistemology, praxis, and creative philosophy. Through this framework, creative practice becomes a route to heightened perceptual sensitivity, self-understanding, and existential grounding. The result is a cohesive model of photography and creativity that aligns with both Chalmers’ philosophical orientation and his photographic specialisation—especially Birds-in-Flight (BIF) work as a high-cognition, high-attention embodiment of Conscious Intelligence.

Defining Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Introduction

Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory has emerged as a distinctive philosophical and practical approach within contemporary photography. Rather than conceptualising intelligence as computational, purely cognitive, or disembodied, CI views intelligence as a lived and relational phenomenon—a mode of consciousness enacted through perception, embodiment, intuition, affect, and creative agency. For Chalmers, creativity and consciousness cannot be separated; they are mutually generative states that reveal themselves through practice. Photography becomes the ideal platform for this exploration because it requires the practitioner to negotiate between internal awareness and external perception in real time (Chalmers, 2023).

CI therefore bridges multiple domains: phenomenology, embodied cognition, ecological perception, meditative attentiveness, and creative insight. It synthesizes these into a holistic framework that empowers the photographer to operate with heightened awareness, intentionality, and creative freedom. This essay examines Conscious Intelligence specifically as creative practice: how CI informs the embodied, perceptual, and cognitive dimensions of photographic creativity, and how it enables a deeper ethical and existential relationship with the world. It argues that CI is not simply a theory of consciousness or a philosophy of photography but a lived method for cultivating creative presence and knowledge.

The Foundations of Conscious Intelligence

Chalmers’ CI Theory is built upon three fundamental premises:

• Consciousness is fundamentally relational - awareness emerges in dynamic interaction with the environment (Thompson, 2007).

• Intelligence is not solely rational, but embodied and perceptual, integrating sensory, emotional, and intuitive capacities (Varela et al., 1991).

• Creativity is a form of conscious activity, an expression of internal awareness shaped through external engagement (May, 1975).

In CI, these premises converge into a functional model of creative consciousness. Photography serves as the vehicle through which CI becomes visible: the photographer’s embodied engagement, perceptual attunement, and intuitive decision-making form a cohesive intelligence that transcends mechanical skill.

Chalmers (2025) argues that this intelligence is not something added to the photographer; rather, it is revealed through the process of creative engagement. This aligns with phenomenological accounts of perception in which consciousness and world co-constitute each other (Merleau-Ponty, 1962). CI therefore acts as a bridge between the photographer’s inner life and the external environment, allowing creativity to emerge as lived consciousness.

CI as Embodied Creative Perception

At the core of CI is the idea that perception is never passive. In Chalmers’ work—especially in Birds-in-Flight photography—perception requires active bodily participation: balance, coordination, reflexive timing, and sensory integration. The act of tracking a bird through the sky is not merely visual; it is deeply embodied. The practitioner becomes attuned to wind patterns, light behaviour, movement prediction, camera weight distribution, and their own breathing rhythm.

This aligns with theories of embodied cognition, which argue that cognition arises through bodily engagement with the world (Gallagher, 2005). In CI, perception is intelligence-in-action. The photographer does not “take” an image; they participate in its emergence. Creative perception thus becomes a reciprocal event between self and environment.

Moreover, perception in CI is infused with intentionality. The photographer consciously directs attention, shapes awareness, and monitors subtle perceptual cues. This intentional positioning of consciousness is a creative act, one that determines how the world is experienced and represented.

CI and Creative Attention

Attention is central to CI because creative practice depends on the quality, depth, and direction of awareness. Chalmers’ approach parallels contemporary cognitive theories that differentiate between narrow, task-focused attention and diffuse, open monitoring (Lutz et al., 2008). CI employs both forms:

• Focused attention is used in moments of capture, tracking, and technical precision.

• Open, receptive attention is used for environmental awareness, anticipation, and intuition.

These oscillations of attention allow the photographer to remain dynamically responsive. Creative intelligence emerges from the ability to shift between these modes fluidly. As Chalmers (2025) notes, “awareness is not static; it is a continuous negotiation between internal state and external circumstance.”

This attentional fluidity is especially visible in high-speed genres such as BIF photography. Tracking a subject that is both unpredictable and fast-moving requires an attentional balance between conscious control and intuitive responsiveness. CI describes this interplay as “attentive embodiment,” where awareness becomes a kind of creative radar, constantly reading and adjusting to the environment.

CI and Intuition: The Unspoken Dimension of Creative Insight

While CI highlights attentional precision, it also emphasises intuition as a key component of creative intelligence. Intuition, in Chalmers’ framework, is a rapid, non-discursive form of knowing that emerges from embodied experience and perceptual familiarity. It is not irrational but pre-reflectively intelligent.

This connects strongly to Rollo May’s (1975) claim that creativity arises from the “encounter”—the moment when the creator meets the world with openness and courage. CI interprets intuition as the internalised pattern recognition and anticipatory responsiveness that allow photographers to make split-second decisions that cannot be fully articulated.

Intuition is especially critical in:

• Estimating subject movement

• Predicting environmental shifts

• Deciding optimal timing

• Choosing compositional structure spontaneously

• Feeling when “not to shoot” as part of aesthetic judgment

Conscious Intelligence thus positions intuition as sophisticated cognitive processing that operates below explicit awareness. It is a creative capacity formed through disciplined practice, embodied familiarity, and perceptual sensitivity.

CI and Embodied Ethics: Responsibility in Creative Practice

Creative practice in CI is inherently ethical because it involves an encounter with living subjects, ecosystems, and the natural world. Chalmers’ BIF photography is rooted in respect for wildlife, ecological sensitivity, and non-invasive observation. CI therefore integrates an ethical consciousness into creative decision-making.

This resonates with ecological consciousness frameworks (Abram, 1996), which argue that attentive perception fosters ethical responsiveness. In CI, the photographer is not a detached observer but a participant whose decisions affect the well-being of subjects and environments. Creative practice becomes a mindful negotiation of presence and responsibility.

Such ethics also extend to post-processing, representation, and creative honesty. Conscious Intelligence encourages transparency, restraint, and respect for the authenticity of the subject. The ethical dimension reinforces that creativity is never merely technical but always relational and value-laden.

CI as Creative Method: Practice as a Path of Conscious Development

One of CI’s most innovative claims is that creative practice is transformative. Photography, in this context, becomes a method for cultivating consciousness. Through repeated experiences of embodied attention, perceptual refinement, and intuitive action, the practitioner develops heightened awareness.

Chalmers (2025) often describes photography as a meditative practice—one that structures consciousness, stabilises attention, and elevates perceptual acuity. This aligns with research on contemplative arts, which shows that creative disciplines can alter awareness, emotional regulation, and cognitive flexibility (Austin, 2016).

Within CI, creative practice functions as a feedback loop:

• Perception stimulates awareness.

• Awareness improves creative decision-making.

• Creative experience deepens consciousness.

Thus, CI treats creativity not only as output (images) but as process—an ongoing refinement of one’s relationship to the world.

CI and the Creative Environment

CI emphasises that creativity is shaped not only by the mind and body but also by the environment. In Chalmers’ work, the environment is a dynamic partner in the creative process. Light, weather, season, landscape, bird behaviour, and atmospheric mood all co-produce the moment of capture.

This echoes ecological theories of perception by Gibson (1979), which argue that environments offer “affordances”—action possibilities perceived directly by the organism. In CI, the photographer is trained to recognise affordances that are both aesthetic and behavioural: opportunities for composition, movement, and expressive articulation.

The environment is not a backdrop; it is a participant. Creative intelligence therefore includes the ability to “read” environmental cues and respond with aesthetic and ethical consideration. Chalmers’ attunement to coastal ecosystems, morning light, and migratory behaviour illustrates how CI roots creative practice in place-based knowledge.

CI and Camera Embodiment

A defining feature of Chalmers’ theory is the idea of camera embodiment—the camera becomes an extension of perceptual and creative intelligence. This concept parallels Merleau-Ponty’s (1962) notion of “incorporation,” where tools become part of one’s bodily schema.

In practice, camera embodiment means:

• The photographer does not consciously “operate” the camera;

• Instead, the camera acts as an extension of the body’s intent.

Mechanical decisions—shutter speed, tracking, lens selection—become integrated into perceptual flow. This reduces cognitive load and enables more intuitive creativity.

Camera embodiment is crucial in CI because it allows consciousness to remain fluid, present, and adaptable. When technical operation becomes seamless, creative perception is liberated.

CI, Creativity, and Temporal Awareness

Creativity in CI is deeply temporal. Photography requires sensitivity to the present moment, yet also predictive awareness of the future (anticipating subject movement) and interpretive memory of the past (experience). CI treats time as multi-layered within creative action:

• Immediate present: sensory perception and decision-making

• Near-future prediction: anticipation and intuition

• Embodied memory: expertise informing intuition

This triadic temporal structure supports what cognitive scientists call “embodied time consciousness” (Damasio, 2010). For Chalmers, creative practice unfolds through micro-moments of perception where time dilates, focuses, and becomes creatively charged.

CI and Creative Freedom

Creative freedom in CI emerges from the integration of awareness, embodiment, intuition, and technique. It does not imply randomness or spontaneity without structure; instead, it reflects the photographer’s ability to act without inner conflict or cognitive interference. When consciousness, technique, and environment align, creativity becomes effortless.

This echoes Csikszentmihalyi’s (1990) concept of flow, though CI adds a more pronounced phenomenological and ethical grounding. In CI, freedom arises from responsible awareness and perceptual integrity. The photographer becomes free because they are fully present.

This state allows creativity to unfold with authenticity, fostering unique artistic voice and personal meaning.

CI as Reflective Creative Practice

Reflection is essential to CI. After the photographic moment, Chalmers emphasises reflective analysis to consolidate learning, refine awareness, and deepen creative understanding. This reflective layer transforms experience into knowledge.

Reflection involves:

• Reviewing sequences of images

• Considering perceptual decisions

• Analysing missed opportunities

• Understanding emotional and attentional states during shooting

This practice parallels Schön’s (1983) concept of “reflection-in-action,” vital to professional artistry. In CI, reflection helps integrate conscious and intuitive knowledge, strengthening creative intelligence over time.

CI and Expressive Meaning

Creative expression in CI is not limited to producing aesthetically pleasing images. Rather, CI frames expression as an encounter with meaning. Photography becomes a medium for articulating one’s internal state, perceptual experience, and philosophical orientation.

Meaning in CI is generated through:

• The photographer’s lived relationship with subjects

• Embodied presence in the environment

• Attentional and existential commitment

• Emotional resonance with the moment

This aligns with existential aesthetic theories (May, 1975), where creativity reveals authentic presence. In Chalmers’ work, images embody calmness, ecological sensitivity, and contemplative clarity. These expressive qualities emerge directly from CI’s philosophical foundations.

Disclaimer: Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Conclusion

Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory presents a sophisticated integration of consciousness studies, phenomenology, ecological perception, and creative practice. CI reframes photography as an embodied, relational, and ethically grounded activity where perception, awareness, and expression intertwine. Through its focus on embodied attention, intuitive responsiveness, environmental attunement, and reflective learning, CI provides a comprehensive model for understanding creative intelligence as lived experience.

As creative practice, CI becomes a method for developing perceptual sensitivity, emotional presence, and existential clarity. It elevates photography beyond technical proficiency, proposing that creativity is an extension of consciousness—an act of engaging meaningfully with the world. CI thus stands as a distinctive contribution to creative theory, demonstrating how human intelligence, when consciously cultivated, transforms both practice and perception." (Source: ChatGPT 2025)

References

Abram, D. (1996). The spell of the sensuous: Perception and language in a more-than-human world. Pantheon.

Austin, J. H. (2016). Zen-brain reflections. MIT Press.

Chalmers, V. (2025). Conscious Intelligence and photographic practice.

Chalmers, V. (2025). Embodied awareness in Birds-in-Flight photography.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.

Damasio, A. (2010). Self comes to mind: Constructing the conscious brain. Pantheon.

Gallagher, S. (2005). How the body shapes the mind. Oxford University Press.

Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin.

Lutz, A., Slagter, H., Dunne, J., & Davidson, R. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), 163–169.

May, R. (1975). The courage to create. W. W. Norton.

Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception (C. Smith, Trans.). Routledge.

Schön, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books.

Thompson, E. (2007). Mind in life: Biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of mind. Harvard University Press.

Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press.

Vernon Chalmers CI Photography Theory: Inspired by Awareness and Nature 

Conscious Intelligence Theory: Philosophical Foundations

Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory is rooted in a rich philosophical framework that integrates phenomenology, existentialism, embodied cognition, and contemporary consciousness studies.

"Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory proposes a phenomenological and embodied understanding of human–technological creativity, grounded in perceptual awareness, reflective cognition, and the dynamic interplay between consciousness and intelligent action. This essay explores the philosophical foundations of CI Theory through the lenses of phenomenology, existentialism, embodied cognition, perceptual realism, and contemporary philosophy of mind. It argues that CI Theory is not merely a methodological framework for photography and creative practice but a broader philosophical stance on how individuals engage with reality through consciousness, intention, and sensory intelligence. Within this foundation, the camera becomes an extension of perceptual agency, and creative action becomes an expression of situated awareness. The essay highlights how CI Theory synthesizes classic philosophical traditions with lived creative experience, forming an original contribution to contemporary consciousness studies.

Vernon Chalmers Conscious Intelligence Theory Index 

Introduction

Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory emerges within a contemporary landscape where consciousness studies, artificial intelligence, phenomenology, and embodied cognition intersect. CI Theory aims to explain how human perception, awareness, and intelligent action converge in creative practice - especially in photography. The framework rests on the notion that consciousness is both experiential and directive, guiding the individual’s attention, decision-making, and interpretive engagement with the world. CI, therefore, is not limited to intellectual understanding; it is enacted through perceptual and sensorimotor processes that form an intelligent relationship with one’s environment.

Although CI Theory is deeply rooted in Chalmers’ photographic philosophy, it also carries broader implications for epistemology, aesthetics, and the philosophy of mind. As a theoretical framework, CI draws on multiple philosophical currents - phenomenology (Husserl, Merleau-Ponty), existentialism (May, Heidegger), embodied cognition (Varela, Thompson, Noë), and contemporary debates on consciousness (Chalmers, Tononi). The result is a model that conceptualizes creative intelligence as conscious, intentional, embodied, and relational.

This essay examines the philosophical foundations that shape CI Theory. It demonstrates how the theory integrates classic philosophical insights with Chalmers’ experiential understanding of photographic practice, forming a coherent vision of consciousness-driven creativity.

Phenomenology as the Core Foundation of CI Theory

Phenomenology provides the central philosophical orientation for CI Theory. At its core, phenomenology concerns the structures of lived experience, emphasizing how consciousness constitutes meaning. Chalmers’ CI perspective aligns with Edmund Husserl’s claim that consciousness is always “consciousness of something” - a directed, intentional awareness (Husserl, 1931). For CI Theory, this intentionality is expressed through perceptual engagement: the photographer does not merely look at the world but encounters it through embodied presence.

Perception as First Philosophy

Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception (1962) is instrumental for understanding CI Theory’s emphasis on embodied seeing. Merleau-Ponty argues that perception is not a passive reception of sensory data but an active, bodily involvement with the world. Chalmers’ photographic philosophy resonates deeply with this view. CI Theory asserts that perceptual intelligence arises from the subject’s conscious orientation toward phenomena: light, movement, texture, atmosphere, and the temporal flow of a scene.

In Chalmers’ praxis - particularly in Birds-in-Flight (BIF) photography - perception is situational and anticipatory. The photographer must interpret environmental cues, project potential trajectories, and remain attuned to subtle variations in light and movement. Such perceptual acuity reflects conscious intelligence in action. The CI model thus positions perception as a fundamental mode of conscious engagement and the foundation of creative awareness.

The Lifeworld and Creative Presence

Husserl’s concept of the lifeworld (Lebenswelt) - the pre-reflective world of ordinary experience - also informs CI Theory. Photography, for Chalmers, is not an escape from the world but a deeper entry into its structures. The CI practitioner consciously participates in the lifeworld, attending to its complexities and nuances. Creative practice becomes an intentional exploration of phenomena as they are lived and experienced.

Hence, CI Theory’s phenomenological foundation establishes that consciousness is relational, embodied, and perceptual. Creative intelligence arises not from abstraction but from the lived experience of the world.

Existential Foundations: Meaning, Freedom, and Creative Agency

While phenomenology provides a descriptive structure of experience, existentialism contributes a normative and motivational dimension to CI Theory. Rollo May (1975) emphasizes that creativity is an act of courage - an affirmation of one’s being through meaningful engagement with reality. Chalmers’ CI framework adopts a similar stance: creative action is a conscious expression of agency, choice, and personal meaning.

Being-in-the-World

Martin Heidegger’s notion of Being-in-the-world (1927) reinforces the idea that individuals do not observe the world from a distance but dwell within it. For CI Theory, the photographer’s presence is not detached; it is deeply participatory. Awareness, technical skill, and perceptual sensitivity converge as the photographer navigates the unfolding moment.

The existential dimension of CI highlights:

• authenticity in creative intention

• responsibility for one’s creative choices

• the pursuit of meaning through perceptual engagement

Creative practice becomes a way of disclosing the world—an act that reveals both the subject and the environment.

Intentional Choice and Creative Freedom

Rollo May’s existential psychology stresses intentionality as the hallmark of human creativity. In CI Theory, intentionality manifests through conscious decisions about composition, exposure, timing, and interpretation. These choices reflect the photographer’s values, aesthetic preferences, and experiential understanding of the world. Thus, CI acknowledges that creative intelligence is fundamentally intentional and self-directed.

Anxiety and Ambiguity in Creative Experience

Existentialism also recognizes the ambiguity and tension inherent in human experience. In CI Theory, this tension emerges in the unpredictable nature of the photographic moment. The uncertainty of action - especially in dynamic genres like BIF photography - requires flexibility, resilience, and interpretive intelligence. Such adaptive engagement exemplifies the existential foundation of CI: creativity as an evolving dialogue between consciousness and uncertainty.

Embodied Cognition and Sensorimotor Intelligence

One of the most distinctive philosophical pillars of CI Theory is its alignment with embodied cognition. Scholars such as Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson, and Alva Noë argue that cognition is not confined to the brain but enacted through bodily processes and environmental interactions.

The Camera as Embodied Extension

CI Theory conceptualizes the camera as an extension of perceptual and motor intelligence. This idea parallels theories of extended mind (Clark & Chalmers, 1998), which claim that cognitive processes can extend beyond the biological organism into tools and technologies. Through habitual practice, the photographer incorporates the camera’s operational logic—its settings, responsiveness, ergonomics—into their sensorimotor repertoire.

In this sense:

• the camera becomes part of the photographer’s embodied system

• perception and action are integrated through conscious engagement

• intelligence is distributed across mind, body, and environment

This embodied perspective is central to CI’s philosophical identity, illustrating how conscious intelligence manifests through multisensory and motoric attunement.

Action-Oriented Perception

Alva Noë (2004) argues that perception is dependent on the organism’s ability to act. CI Theory builds on this principle: the photographer does not simply observe; they act through framing, anticipating movement, adjusting settings, and positioning themselves in relation to the subject. Perception and action form a unified loop that is inherently intelligent and conscious.

Flow States and Embodied Awareness

The embodied dimension also includes the experience of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), where action becomes fluid, intuitive, and absorbed. CI Theory identifies flow as a heightened form of conscious intelligence - an optimal state in which awareness, skill, and perceptual immersion align. During flow, the boundaries between subject, body, and environment become permeable, reinforcing the embodied foundations of CI.

Philosophy of Mind and Consciousness Studies

CI Theory also engages contemporary debates in consciousness research, including the nature of subjective experience, the hard problem of consciousness (Chalmers, 1996), and integrated models of awareness.

The Primacy of Qualia

Chalmers’ CI framework implicitly acknowledges qualia - the subjective qualities of experience - as central to creative practice. Photography is fundamentally concerned with the felt dimensions of perception: colour, atmosphere, emotion, movement, and temporality. CI emphasizes that these subjective elements are not merely aesthetic but foundational to conscious intelligence.

Integration of Information

Although CI Theory is primarily phenomenological rather than neuroscientific, it resonates with integrated information theories of consciousness (Tononi, 2004) in that it treats consciousness as a dynamic integration of perceptual, cognitive, affective, and motor processes. CI is not reducible to any single component; it is the unified awareness that emerges from the interplay of multiple systems.

Consciousness as Relational

Recent relational models of consciousness (Thompson, 2010) emphasize consciousness as a process embedded in world-involving interactions. This relational view parallels CI’s emphasis on:

• photographer–environment relations

• intentional perception

• meaning-making through engagement

Thus, CI Theory contributes to the philosophy of mind by positioning consciousness as enacted, embodied, and environmentally situated.

Metaphysical and Epistemological Dimensions of CI Theory

CI Theory also carries broader philosophical implications beyond its foundations in phenomenology, existentialism, and cognitive science.

Epistemological Insights

CI Theory asserts that knowledge arises through conscious experience and perceptual engagement. This aligns with empiricist traditions while integrating the interpretive dimensions of phenomenology. CI suggests that:

• perception is a form of knowing

• creative action refines perceptual understanding

• experience generates embodied knowledge

Metaphysical Commitments

Metaphysically, CI Theory leans toward experiential realism - the belief that the world is encountered through experience yet maintains its own independent structure. The photographer perceives the world subjectively but engages with phenomena that exist beyond their consciousness. This dual stance maintains both:

• the objectivity of the photographic subject

• the subjectivity of the photographer’s conscious interpretation

This metaphysical balance is central to CI’s philosophical coherence.

Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Creative Perception

CI Theory offers a unique contribution to philosophical aesthetics by framing artistic creation as a conscious, embodied, and intentional pursuit.

Aesthetics of Attention

CI positions attention as the primary aesthetic act. The creative subject does not passively observe beauty but actively directs awareness toward meaningful phenomena. This aligns with contemporary aesthetic theories that prioritize attention, presence, and perceptual attunement.

Interpretation and Intentionality

Photography becomes an interpretive act shaped by the photographer’s conscious engagement with light, movement, and atmosphere. CI elevates this interpretive process, framing it as a philosophical relationship between the perceiver and the world.

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Conclusion

Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory is rooted in a rich philosophical framework that integrates phenomenology, existentialism, embodied cognition, and contemporary consciousness studies. CI Theory conceptualizes perception as an intelligent, embodied, and intentional act, and creative practice as a dynamic expression of conscious awareness. By positioning the camera as an extension of perceptual intelligence and the photographer as an agent of meaning-making, CI offers a compelling account of creativity grounded in lived experience. Its philosophical foundations provide a robust platform for understanding how individuals perceive, interpret, and engage with the world - through consciousness, through intelligence, and through the creative impulse to reveal reality as it unfolds." (Source: ChatGPT 2025)

References

Chalmers, D. J. (1996). The conscious mind: In search of a fundamental theory. Oxford University Press.

Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7–19.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.

Heidegger, M. (1927). Being and time. Niemeyer.

Husserl, E. (1931). Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology. Allen & Unwin.

May, R. (1975). The courage to create. W. W. Norton.

Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception. Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Noë, A. (2004). Action in perception. MIT Press.

Thompson, E. (2010). Mind in life: Biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of mind. Harvard University Press.

Tononi, G. (2004). An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neuroscience, 5(1), 42–64.

Vernon Chalmers CI Photography Theory: Inspired by Awareness and Nature 

Defining Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Conscious Intelligence Theory: Positioned as an Integrated Function. Seeing Beyond the Lens.

Vernon Chalmers Conscious Intelligence Theory Index

Positioning: Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Vernon Chalmers' Conscious Intelligence Photography Theory is positioned as an integrated function of perception, cognition, emotion, and reflective awareness. It is a meta-cognitive system that enables a practitioner to synthesize sensory input, aesthetic judgment, and emotional intuition in real-time. In the context of photography, it views the creation of an image as a conscious, existential act of "aware seeing" rather than a mere mechanical reproduction.

Key aspects of this theory include:

• Primacy of Consciousness: The photographer's subjective state and conscious participation directly shape the final image, challenging the traditional "objectivist" stance that reality can be captured without interpretation.

• Intentionality and Meaning-Making: Drawing on phenomenology, the theory emphasizes that meaning emerges from the photographer's intentional engagement with the scene, which involves framing, inclusion/exclusion of elements, and emotional preservation.

• Embodied Presence: The theory highlights the importance of the photographer's full immersion in the moment of observation (presence), similar to mindfulness, to achieve a heightened sensitivity to light, form, and rhythm.

• Distinction from AI: A prominent aspect of the theory is its comparison with Artificial Intelligence (AI). While AI processes information algorithmically, CI is rooted in self-aware, subjective experience (qualia) and ethical engagement, which the theory argues AI lacks.

Defining Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Conscious Intelligence Theory posits that intelligence is not merely the capacity to process information or solve problems, but the dynamic integration of awareness, intentionality, and adaptive reasoning.

It emphasizes that true intelligence arises when cognitive processes are guided by conscious awareness, enabling entities - whether biological or synthetic  - to:

• Perceive context meaningfully rather than simply react to stimuli

• Reflect on internal states and external conditions to adjust behavior

• Act with intentionality, aligning decisions with goals, values, or self‑defined purposes

• Evolve adaptively, learning not only from data but from the conscious experience of interaction itself

In this Conscious Intelligence framework:

• Intelligence is inseparable from consciousness - awareness provides the scaffolding for coherence, creativity, and ethical decision‑making

• Intelligence supplies the mechanisms for execution and adaptation

• Together, they constitute a unified model of “conscious intelligence” that transcends mechanical computation and advances toward self‑directed, contextually aware cognition

Photography as a Living Metaphor

Photography has always been more than the mechanical act of pressing a shutter. It is a dialogue between awareness and intention, a dance of perception and decision. Conscious Intelligence Theory builds on this truth: intelligence is not simply the ability to process information, but the integration of awareness, intentionality, and adaptive reasoning.

For the Photographer, Conscious Intelligence means:

• Perceiving context meaningfully: noticing how light bends across a subject, how shadows shape emotion, how a fleeting gesture tells a story.

• Reflecting on internal states and external conditions: adjusting creative choices in response to mood, environment, or technical constraints.

• Acting with intentionality: aligning each frame with aesthetic vision, narrative purpose, or ethical responsibility.

• Evolving adaptively: learning not only from technical data but from the lived experience of seeing, framing, and capturing.

Beyond Mechanical Capture

In this way, photography becomes a living metaphor for conscious intelligence. Awareness provides the scaffolding for creativity and ethical representation, while intelligence supplies the mechanisms for technical execution and refinement. Together, they move image‑making beyond mechanical capture toward self‑directed, contextually aware artistry.

Conscious Intelligence Theory reminds us that every photograph is more than pixels or exposure values  - it is a conscious act of intelligence, a moment where awareness and intention converge to create meaning. 

Disclaimer: Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Vernon Chalmers CI Photography Theory: Inspired by Awareness and Nature 

Birds in Flight with the Canon EOS 7D Mark II

Birds in Flight with Canon EOS 7D Mark II / EF 400mm f/5.6L USM Lens

After enduring a continuous moderate to strong south-easterly wind for almost two weeks I ventured out this morning for the first time with camera in hand. I was greeting by flocks of King gulls and the usual Egyptian geese and a few other species. The sunny morning weather - with at just a breeze - was my typical 'ISO 640' morning. Meaning I would more or less encounter my highest Auto-ISO reading with the Canon EOS 7D Mark II at +- ISO 640. My regular photography hike took me along the the Diep River, Woodbridge Island, right up to the edge of the Table Bay Nature Reserve.

Birds in Flight / Bird List

• African Oystercatcher in Flight (Top)
• Yellow-Billed Duck in Flight
• Black-Winged-Stilt in Flight
• Yellow-Billed Duck in Flight
  
• White-Breasted Cormorant in Flight 
• Grey Heron in Flight
• Teal Duck in Flight
• Levaillant's Cisticola
• Pied Avocet
• Water Thick-Knee
  

Yellow-Billed Duck in Flight : Table Bay Nature Reserve Woodbridge Island

Black-Winged Stilt in Flight : Above the Diep River, Woodbridge Island

Yellow-Billed Duck in Flight : Table Bay Nature Reserve Woodbridge Island

White-Breasted Cormorant : Woodbridge Island

Grey Heron in Flight : Table Bay Nature Reserve, Woodbridge Island

Cape Teal Duck in Flight : Table Bay Nature Reserve, Woodbridge Island

Levaillant's Cisticola : Table Bay Nature Reserve, Woodbridge Island

Pied Avocet : Milnerton Lagoon, Woodbridge Island

Water Thick-Knee : Diep River, Woodbridge Island

Location: Diep River, Woodbridge Island, Table Bay Nature Reserve

Canon Camera / Lens for Bird Photography

• Canon EOS 7D Mark II (APS-C)
• Canon EF 400mm f/5.6L USM Lens
• Lexar Professional 64GB 200 MB/s

Exposure / Focus Settings for Bird Photography

• Autofocus On
• Manual Mode
• Aperture f/5.6
• Auto ISO 250 - 640
• Shutter Speed 1/2500s
• No Image Stabilisation
• Handheld

Image Post-Processing: Lightroom Classic (Ver 14.5)

• Minor Adjustments (Crop / Exposure / Contrast)
• Noise and Spot Removal
• RAW to JPEG Conversion

Topaz Photo AI Ver. 4 

• Noise Removal
• Sharpening

Birds and Butterfly with Canon EOS 6D Mark II

All Images: Copyright Vernon Chalmers Photography

Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory and Phenomenology

Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory within the photography domain reframes the photographic act as a lived, conscious, meaning-making engagement with the world.

"Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory of Photography proposes a unified, experiential model of photographic perception, artistic intention, and meaning-making grounded in conscious awareness. Rather than treating photography as a technical or aesthetic discipline alone, CI Theory argues that photographic creation arises from a dynamic interplay between embodied perception, reflective intelligence, and intentional interpretation. Phenomenology - the philosophical study of lived experience - provides a foundational framework for articulating and understanding this interplay. Drawing from Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, and Heidegger, this essay examines the relationship between CI Theory and phenomenology, exploring how Photography-as-Experience becomes a form of conscious intelligence embodied in perceptual attunement, existential awareness, and expressive agency. Through analysis of Chalmers’ Birds-in-Flight (BIF) photographic practice, the essay argues that photography serves as a powerful phenomenological field in which consciousness, embodiment, and intelligible meaning converge. The integration of CI Theory and phenomenology ultimately reframes photography as a living, dynamic field of awareness that reflects the structure of human consciousness itself.

Defining Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Introduction

Photography is often understood through two dominant frameworks: the technical and the aesthetic. The technical emphasizes optics, exposure, camera systems, and spatial control; the aesthetic emphasizes composition, style, and communicative expressivity. Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory of Photography challenges this duality by proposing that photography is foremost a conscious activity: a synthesis of perceptual awareness, interpretive intelligence, and expressive meaning. In this model, photography becomes an ontological act of conscious engagement with the world, embedded in the photographer’s lived experience.

Phenomenology provides a philosophical foundation for this view of photography. As the study of conscious experience from the first-person perspective, phenomenology investigates how individuals perceive, interpret, and inhabit the world (Husserl, 1913/2012). Phenomenology’s attention to embodiment, intentionality, temporality, and world-disclosure aligns closely with Chalmers’ description of conscious intelligence in photography. The act of photographing becomes a phenomenological event: an intentional encounter with phenomena, structured by embodied perception and directed meaning.

Chalmers’ extensive engagement with Birds-in-Flight (BIF) photography adds experiential and methodological precision to CI Theory. BIF photography demands acute perceptual awareness, temporal attunement, fine-motor responsiveness, and continuous interpretation of movement, light, and environmental context. This makes it an ideal case for illustrating how CI Theory and phenomenology intersect in lived artistic practice.

This essay examines CI Theory as a phenomenology of photographic consciousness, exploring its philosophical foundations, perceptual structures, and creative implications.

Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory of Photography: Core Concepts

Chalmers’ CI Theory of Photography is grounded in three interdependent dimensions of conscious experience:

• Perceptual Consciousness - direct sensory awareness, presence, and attunement to the visual field.

• Intelligent Interpretation - reflective, contextual, and anticipatory processing that gives perceptual data meaning.

• Expressive Action - embodied, technical, and creative actions through which photographic intentions are realized.

Together, these dimensions constitute conscious intelligence—a dynamic, lived structure of perception and meaning-making.

Chalmers conceptualizes photography not as a representational activity but as an embodied interpretive act. The photographer does not merely capture images; they encounter phenomena, interpret them, and express meaning through the medium of the camera. Conscious intelligence therefore connects inner experience with outward expression.

This structure is fundamentally phenomenological.

Phenomenology as the Philosophical Grounding of CI Theory

Phenomenology offers key conceptual resources for interpreting CI Theory: intentionality, embodiment, temporality, and world-disclosure.

Intentionality

According to Husserl, consciousness is always directed toward something - this is intentionality (Husserl, 1913/2012). In photography, intentionality structures perception and choice: what the photographer attends to, anticipates, and selects.

Under CI Theory, photographic intelligence consists in:

• directing attention toward meaningful aspects of a scene,

• anticipating changes in lighting, motion, and atmosphere,

• interpreting phenomena in ways that align with personal or artistic intention.

The camera becomes an extension of intentional consciousness.

Embodiment

Merleau-Ponty (1945/2012) argues that perception is embodied; the body is the medium of experience. Chalmers’ CI Theory integrates this fully. Photography, especially dynamic genres like BIF photography, requires:

• bodily stability and coordination,

• proprioceptive sensitivity,

• rhythmic alignment with the environment,

• manual–technical responsiveness.

The photographer’s body is not simply present - it is involved.

The camera becomes an embodied instrument, not merely a tool.

Temporality

Phenomenology holds that consciousness has a temporal structure: retention (past), primal impression (present), and protention (anticipation) (Husserl, 1928/1991). CI Theory frames photography as a temporal art:

• the photographer remembers patterns of light and movement

• perceives the unfolding moment,

• anticipates future motion or shifts.

BIF photography exaggerates this temporal field. The decisive moment - like Cartier-Bresson’s description of the photographic instant - emerges from this flow.

World-Disclosure

Heidegger (1927/2010) argues that the world discloses meaning based on one’s being-in-the-world. Chalmers’ CI Theory interprets photography as an encounter with world-disclosure:

• each scene reveals certain possibilities,

• each moment opens a horizon of perceptual meaning,

• the photographer interprets and expresses these disclosures.

CI Theory thus positions photography as a phenomenological dialogue between self and world.

The CI Theory Phenomenology of Birds in Flight Photography

Birds-in-Flight photography is central to Chalmers’ artistic practice. It presents a unique context where phenomenology becomes vividly embodied.

Embodied Attunement and Perceptual Flow

In BIF photography, the photographer must remain entirely attuned to:

• the bird’s rhythm of motion,

• environmental variables such as wind, light, elevation,

• spatial distance and depth,

• the body’s own micro-movements.

This attunement resonates with Merleau-Ponty’s description of the body schema, the pre-reflective coordination of perception and action.

Conscious intelligence manifests as:

• adjusting stance,

• synchronizing breath,

• stabilizing the camera,

• modulating shutter speed and tracking.

Intentionality in Motion

The intentional structure of consciousness is dynamic rather than static. In BIF photography:

• the photographer’s attention shifts fluidly across the visual field,

• protentional awareness anticipates the bird’s trajectory,

• meaning emerges from the interplay between motion and focus.

Photographic consciousness becomes a moving intentional horizon.

Technical Action as Expressive Meaning

Chalmers positions technical mastery not as separate from consciousness but as a form of intelligent embodiment. Camera settings, autofocus modes, frame rates, and lens choices function within an intelligent perceptual system.

Phenomenologically, this is ready-to-hand engagement (Heidegger, 1927/2010): the camera is absorbed into action rather than consciously manipulated.

World-Disclosure in Flight

Each bird discloses a different world:

• seabirds reveal an environment shaped by wind and ocean distance,

• raptors disclose an aerial space structured by predation and glide patterns,

• passerines reveal rapid, erratic flight fields.

The photographer does not simply observe these worlds; they enter them through conscious intelligence.

CI Theory and the Lived Experience of Photography

From a phenomenological viewpoint, photography under CI Theory is a lived, interpretive process.

Perception as Lived Meaning

Perception is not passive reception but active interpretation. Chalmers’ CI Theory treats photographic seeing as:

• selective,

• value-laden,

• perspectival,

• meaning-oriented.

This aligns with the phenomenological dictum that all perception is perception-as (Heidegger, 1927/2010).

Intelligence as Situated Understanding

Intelligence in CI Theory is situated - shaped by context, environment, and task. This parallels enactivist phenomenology, which views cognition as arising through active engagement (Varela et al., 1991).

The photographic mind:

• reads light,

• interprets depth,

• anticipates motion,

• selects compositional meaning.

Intelligence becomes environmentally embedded.

Artistic Expression as Existential Disclosure

Photography becomes an existential act—an expression of the photographer’s orientation toward the world. In CI Theory, the final image reflects:

• the photographer’s attentional priorities,

• emotional state,

• perceptual sensitivity,

• interpretive choices.

Phenomenology frames this as world-building: the photographer articulates a world through conscious intelligence.

CI Theory, Phenomenology, and Creativity

Chalmers’ CI Theory emphasizes that photographic creativity emerges from conscious awareness and interpretive intelligence.

Creative Presence

Creativity is rooted in presence - an attuned openness to aesthetic possibility. Phenomenology describes this as letting-be (Heidegger, 1927/2010), a receptive awareness of what appears.

Interpretive Intelligence

Creativity requires reflective, interpretive thought:

• What does this moment mean?

• What is the emotional or perceptual significance?

• How should the image express this?

This interpretive movement is conscious intelligence applied creatively.

Technical Embodiment as Creative Medium

Technical choices become creative expressions. Shutter speed can express fluidity; aperture can express intimacy; composition can express existential meaning. Under CI Theory, technique becomes a creative language.

Toward a Phenomenology of the Photographic Moment

The photographic moment is central to CI Theory.

Phenomenologically, the moment is a synthesis of:

• perceptual presence (primal impression),

• memory of previous perceptual cues (retention),

• anticipation of future unfolding (protention).

In BIF photography, the moment is intensified. The decisive moment arises when conscious intelligence aligns perception, anticipation, and embodied skill.

This is the essence of Chalmers’ CI Theory applied in situ.

Critiques and Theoretical Considerations

As a philosophical–creative theory, CI Theory invites several critiques:

• Empirical Limitations

The phenomenological grounding makes empirical measurement difficult.

• Ambiguity of Conscious Structures

Consciousness remains philosophically contested, complicating theoretical precision.

• Variability in Lived Experience

CI Theory depends heavily on individual phenomenology.

• Overextension of Phenomenology

Some may argue that CI Theory broadens phenomenology into an artistic framework beyond its traditional scope.

Nevertheless, CI Theory provides a rich interpretive model precisely because of its philosophical openness.

Disclaimer: Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory

Conclusion

Vernon Chalmers’ Conscious Intelligence (CI) Theory of Photography reframes the photographic act as a lived, conscious, meaning-making engagement with the world. Phenomenology provides the conceptual architecture for this theory, grounding it in intentionality, embodiment, temporality, and world-disclosure. Photography becomes not merely technical execution or aesthetic capture but an existential–perceptual dialogue between photographer and world.

Birds-in-Flight photography demonstrates this dialogue vividly. It requires perceptual sensitivity, embodied coordination, temporal attunement, and interpretive intelligence. Through CI Theory and phenomenology, this practice reveals photography as a structure of conscious intelligence in action.

Ultimately, CI Theory offers a model of photography that is reflective, embodied, interpretive, and existential. It positions the photographer not only as a visual technician or artist but as a conscious agent navigating and articulating the world through meaning, perception, and lived experience. As such, it enriches both the philosophy of photography and the phenomenological understanding of human consciousness." (Source: ChatGPT 2025)

References

Gallagher, S. (2017). Enactivist interventions: Rethinking the mind. Oxford University Press.

Heidegger, M. (2010). Being and time (J. Stambaugh, Trans.). State University of New York Press. (Original work published 1927)

Husserl, E. (1991). On the phenomenology of the consciousness of internal time (J. Brough, Trans.). Indiana University Press. (Original work published 1928)

Husserl, E. (2012). Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology (D. Moran, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1913)

Merleau-Ponty, M. (2012). Phenomenology of perception (D. A. Landes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1945)

Sontag, S. (1977). On photography. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press.

Vernon Chalmers CI Photography Theory: Inspired by Awareness and Nature